tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46896003630144840262024-02-07T15:56:17.988-08:00warna-warni teknik sipilAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-41623351794723489142012-12-05T12:56:00.002-08:002012-12-05T13:44:54.595-08:00manajemenet proyek : METODE PENJADWALAN PROYEK<br />
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<span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 90%; mso-special-format: bullet;"></span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: sv; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Perencanaan proyek
adalah usaha untuk membuat penentuan mengenai apa yang harus dicapai dalam
proyek, kapan dan bagaimana proyek tersebut dilaksanakan.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 90%; mso-special-format: bullet;"></span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: sv; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Penjadwalan proyek
merupakan bagian yang paling penting dari sebuah perencanaan proyek, yaitu
untuk menentukan kapan sebuah proyek dilaksanakan berdasarkan urutan tertentu
dari awal sampai akhir proyek.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 90%; mso-special-format: bullet;"></span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: sv; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Jadi penjadwalan
proyek meliputi kegiatan menetapkan jangka waktu kegiatan proyek yang harus
diselesaikan dan waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh setiap aktivitas</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">dalam</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">proyek</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 90%; mso-special-format: bullet;"></span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: sv; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Metode penjadwalan
proyek </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">yang </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">lazim</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">digunakan</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">adalah</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Gantt Chart</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">, PERT (</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Project Evaluation and Review Technique</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">) </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">dan</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> CPM (</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Critical Path Method</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">). </span></li>
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<span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">PENJADWALAN PROYEK</span></div>
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<span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Penjadwalan</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Proyek</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">merupakan</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">kegiatan</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> yang </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">dilakukan</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">oleh</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">seorang</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Manajer</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Proyek</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">dalam</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">:</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<ol>
<li><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Membagi </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">projek </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">ke dalam </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">bentuk</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> tugas</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> dan </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">estiamsi </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">waktu </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">serta</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> sumber</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> daya</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> yang </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">dibutuhkan </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">untuk </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">menyelesaikan </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">tugas</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> tersebut</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: sv; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">.</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Pengorganisasian
tugas yang bersamaan untuk membuat jadwal yang optimum.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 90%; mso-special-format: bullet;"></span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Meminimumkan
ketergantungan tugas untuk menghindari adanya jeda waktu </span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">(delay)</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> yg ditimbulkan oleh
suatu tugas yang pengerjaannya harus menunggu tugas lainnya selesai.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Penjadwalan proyek dibutuhkan untuk membantu seorang manajer proyek
sehingga dapat:</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<ol>
<li><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Menunjukkan</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">hubungan</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">tiap-tiap</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">kegiatan</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">terhadap</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">keseluruhan</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">proyek</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">.</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Mengidentifikasikan
hubungan yang harus didahulukan di antara kegiatan.</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Menunjukkan
perkiraan biaya dan waktu yang realistis untuk tiap kegiatan</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> .</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: fi; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Membantu penggunaan
tenaga kerja, uang dan sumber daya lainnya dengan cara mencermati hal-hal
kritis pada proyek</span><span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">.<a name='more'></a></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: #161616; font-family: Arial; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 7; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #161616; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=10000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: accent4; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">untuk materi selanjutnya silahkan di</span><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21046275/metodepenjadwalanproyek.ppt.html" target="_blank"><b>DOWNLOAD</b></a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-53448969739317135372012-12-01T20:09:00.000-08:002012-12-01T20:14:51.029-08:00kewirausahaan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
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</xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pengertian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">KEWIRAUSAHAAN
ADALAH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KELOMPOK MATA KULIAH BERKEHIDUPAN
BERMASYARAKAT DALAM MENGAPLIKASIKAN ILMU DAN TEKNOLOGI KOMPUTER (APLIKASI
SCIENCE).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tujuan
khusus MK Kewirausahaan</span></div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Agar
memiliki minat kemauan dan kemampuan menjadi wirausahawan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Agar
termotivasi untuk mendirikan usaha, terutama usaha kecil dan menengah</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Agar
memahami teknik untuk mendirikan usaha, cara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>membaca peluang usaha dan menjalankan usaha secara professional</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mampu
merancang rencana wirausaha kedepan dimulai dari sekarang.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">KOMPETENSI
DASAR DARI MK. KEWIRAUSAHAAN</span></div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MENJADI
ILMUWAN DAN PROFESIONAL YANG BERFIKIR KRITIS, KREATIF, INOVATIF, SISTEMIK DAN
ILMIAH</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MENJADI
WIRAUSAHAWAN YANG BERBASIS ILMU PENGETAHUAN,DENGAN MODAL “BISNIS”.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ada
tiga jenis Wirausaha (Ir.Ciputra)</span></div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Necessity
Entrepreneur yaitu menjadi wirausaha karena terpaksa dan desakan kebutuhan
hidup.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Replicative
Entrepreneur,yang cenderung meniru-niru bisnis yang sedang ngetren sehingga
rawan terhadap persaingan dan kejatuhan.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Inovatip
Entrepreneur,wirausaha inovatip yang terus berpikir kreatif dlm melihat peluang
dan meningkatkannya.</span></li>
</ol>
<a name='more'></a>materi lebih lanjut silahkan di<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21018926/materikewirausahaan.ppt.html" target="_blank"><b>DOWNLOAD</b></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-62693484875209770492012-11-28T15:18:00.002-08:002012-11-28T15:18:48.075-08:00bahasa indonesia : Dari Ejaan van Ophuijsen Hingga EYD<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Ejaan
van Ophuijsen</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Pada tahun 1901 ejaan bahasa Melayu dengan huruf Latin yang disebut Ejaan van
Ophuijsen ditetapkan. Ejaan tersebut dirancang oleh van Ophuijsen dibantu oleh
Engku Nawawi Gelar Soetan Ma’moer dan Moehammad Taib Soetan Ibrahim. Hal-hal
yang menonjol dalam ejaan ini adalah sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.Huruf <b><i>j</i></b> untuk
menuliskan kata-kata <b><i>jang, pajah, sajang.</i></b><br />
b.Huruf <b><i>oe</i></b> untuk menuliskan kata-kata <b><i>goeroe, itoe, oemoer.</i></b><br />
c.Tanda diakritik, seperti koma ain dan tanda trema untuk menuliskan kata-kata <b><i>ma’moer,
‘akal, ta’, pa’, dinamai’.</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Ejaan
Soewandi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Pada tanggal 19 Maret 1947 ejaan Soewandi diresmikan menggantikan ejaan van
Ophuijsen. Ejaan baru itu oleh masyarakat diberi julukan ejaan Republik.
Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui sehubungan dengan pergantian ejaan itu adalah
sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.Huruf <b><i>oe</i></b> diganti
dengan <b><i>u</i></b>, seperti pada <i>guru, itu, umur.</i><br />
b.Bunyi hamzah dan bunyi sentak ditulis dengan <b><i>k</i></b>, seperti pada
kata-kata <b><i>tak, pak, maklum, rakjat.</i></b><br />
c.Kata ulang boleh ditulis dengan angka 2, seperti <b><i>anak2, ber-jalan2,
ke-barat2-an. </i></b><br />
d.Awalan <b><i>di-</i></b> dan kata depan <b><i>di</i></b> kedua-duanya ditulis
serangkai dengan kata yang mengikutinya, seperti kata depan <b><i>di</i></b>
pada <b><i>dirumah, dikebun,</i></b> disamakan dengan imbuhan <b><i>di- </i></b>pada
<b><i>ditulis, dikarang.</i></b></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Ejaan
Melindo</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Pada akhir 1959 sidang utusan Indonesia dan Melayu (Slametmulyana-Syeh Nasir
bin Ismail, Ketua) menghasilkan konsep ejaan bersama yang kemudian dikenal
dengan nama Ejaan Melindo (Melayu-Indonesia). Perkembangan politik selama
tahun-tahun berikutnya mengurungkan peresmian ejaan itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Ejaan
Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Pada tanggal 16 Agustus 1972 Presiden Republik Indonesia meresmikan pemakaian
Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia. Peresmian ejaan baru itu berdasarkan Putusan Presiden
No. 57, Tahun 1972. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan menyebarkan buku kecil
yang berjudul <i>Pedoman Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan</i>, sebagai
patokan pemakaian ejaan itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena penuntun itu perlu
dilengkapi, Panitia Pengembangan Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan
Kebudayaan yang dibentuk oleh Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan dengan surat
putusannya tanggal 12 Oktober 1972, No. 156/P/1972 (Amran Halim, Ketua),
menyusun buku <i>Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan</i>
yang berupa pemaparan kaidah ejaan yang lebih luas. Setelah itu, Menteri
Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan dengan surat putusannya No. 0196/1975 memberlakukan <i>Pedoman
Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan dan Pedoman Umum Pembentukan
Istilah.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1987 kedua pedoman
tersebut direvisi. Edisi revisi dikuatkan dengan surat Putusan Menteri
Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan No. 0543a/U/1987, tanggal 9 September 1987. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa hal yang perlu dikemukakan
sehubungan dengan Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan adalah sebagai
berikut.<br />
1.Perubahan Huruf <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ejaan
Soewandi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
dj djalan, djauh<br />
j pajung, laju<br />
nj njonja, bunji<br />
sj isjarat, masjarakat<br />
tj tjukup, tjutji<br />
ch tarich, achir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjadi <b>Ejaan yang Disempurnakan</b><br />
j jalan, jauh<br />
y payung, layu<br />
ny nyonya, bunyi<br />
sy isyarat, masyarakat<br />
c cukup, cuci<br />
kh tarikh, akhir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Huruf-huruf di bawah ini, yang
sebelumnya sudah terdapat dalam Ejaan Soewandi sebagai unsur pinjaman abjad
asing, diresmikan pemakaiannya.<br />
f maaf, fakir<br />
v valuta, universitas<br />
z zeni, lezat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Huruf-huruf q dan x yang lazim
digunakan dalam ilmu eksakta tetap dipakai.<br />
a : b = p : q<br />
Sinar-X<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Penulisan <i>di-</i> atau <i>ke-</i>
sebagai awalan dan <i>di</i> atau <i>ke</i> sebagai kata depan dibedakan, yaitu
<i>di-</i> atau <i>ke-</i> sebagai awalan ditulis serangkai dengan kata yang
mengikutinya, sedangkan <i>di </i>atau <i>ke</i> sebagai kata depan ditulis
terpisah dengan kata yang mengikutinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di-
(awalan)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
ditulis<br />
dibakar<br />
dilempar<br />
dipikirkan<br />
ketua<br />
kekasih<br />
kehendak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di (kata
depan)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
di kampus<br />
di rumah<br />
di jalan<br />
di sini<br />
ke kampus<br />
ke luar negeri<br />
ke atas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.Kata ulang ditulis penuh dengan
huruf, tidak boleh digunakan angka 2.<br />
anak-anak, berjalan-jalan, meloncat-loncat</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-30421541066612602522012-11-27T15:33:00.001-08:002012-11-28T15:09:21.973-08:00struktur baja : batang tekan<div class="Default">
<strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengertian Batang Tekan</span></strong><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 7.35pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Batang tekan merupakan batang dari suatau rangka batang atau
elemen kolom pada bangunan gedung yang menerima tekan searah panjang batang </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 7.35pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Beban yang cenderung membuat batang bertambah pendek akan
menghasilkan tegangan tekan pada batang tersebut </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 7.35pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Pada rangka batang, umumnya batang tepi atas adalah batang
tekan </span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">•Struktur
tekan terdapat pada bangunan-bangunan : </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.4pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">oJembatan rangka </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.4pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">oRangka kuda-kuda atap </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.4pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">oRangka menara / tower </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.4pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">oKolom pada portal bangunan gedung </span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">oSayap
tertekan pada balok I (portal, jembatan) </span></div>
<u><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20990109/strukturbajabatangtekan.pdf.html" target="_blank"></a></u><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20990109/strukturbajabatangtekan.pdf.html" target="_blank"></a><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<b>materi selanjutnya </b> <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20990109/strukturbajabatangtekan.pdf.html" target="_blank"><b>DOWNLOAD</b></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-75396369239941012112012-11-27T01:13:00.001-08:002012-11-27T01:14:58.557-08:00RAB : PROSES PEMBUATAN RAB (ESTIMASI BIAYA)
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A. UMUM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pembiayaan pembangunan bangunan gedung Negara digolongkan
kepada pembiayaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembangunan untuk
pekerjaan standar ( yang ada standar harga satuan tertingginya) dan pembiayaan
pembangunan untuk pekerjaan non standar </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">( yang belum tersedia standar harga satuan tertingginya).
Pembiayaan bangunan gedung Negara dituangkan dalam Dokumen Pembiayaan yang
terdiri atas komponen-komponen biaya untuk kegiatan pelaksanaan konstruksi,
kegiatan pengawasan konstruksi atau manajemen konstruksi, kegiatan perencanaan
konstruksi, dan kegiatan pengelolaan proyek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B. STANDAR
HARGA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SATUAN TERTINGGI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Standar Harga Satuan Tertinggi merupakan biaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>per-m<sup>2</sup> konstruksi fisik
maksimum</i> untuk pembangunan bangunan gedung Negara, khususnya untuk
pekerjaan standar bangunan gedung Negara. Yang meliputi pekerjaan struktur,
arsitektur dan finishing, serta utilitas bangunan gedung Negara .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Standar Harga Satuan Tertinggi pembangnuan gedung Negara
ditetapkan secara berkala untuk setiap Kabupaten / Kota oleh Bupati / Walikota
setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Standar Harga Satuan Tertinggi ditetapkan untuk biaya
pelaksanaan konstruksi fisik per-m<sup>2 </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembangunan bangunan gedung Negara dan
diberlakukan sesuai dengan klasifikasi, lokasi, dan tahun pembangunannya yang
terdiri atas : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">HARGA
SATUAN PER M<sup>2 </sup>TERTINGGI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UNTUK
PEMBANGUNAN BANGUNAN GEDUNG NEGARA KLASIFIKASI SEDERHANADAN TIDAK SEDERHANA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Harga satuan tertinggi untuk grdung Negara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibedakan untuk setiap klasifikasi
gedung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sederhana dan tidak sederhana,
lokasi kabupaten / kotanya, dan untuk bangunan yang bertingkat dan yang tidak
bertingkat. Di samping itu juga diberlakukan koefisien / faktor pengali untuk
bangunan gedung bertingkat, dan koefisien / faktor pengali untuk bangunan /
ruang dengan fungsi khusus .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">HARGA
SATUAN PER M<sup>2</sup> <sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup>TERTINGGI
UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN BANGUNAN RUMAH NEGARA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Harga satuan per m<sup>2</sup> tertinggi untuk bangunan
rumah negara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibedakan untuk setiap tipe
rumah Negara dan lokasi Kabupaten / Kotanya. Untuk harga satuan per m<sup>2</sup>
tertinggi untuk pembangunan rumah susun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>( pekerjaan standar), menggunakan pedoman harga satuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>per m<sup>2</sup> tertinggi untuk pembangunan
gedung pemerintahan bertingkat tidak sederhana, sesuai dengan lokasi kabupaten
/ kotanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">HARGA
SATUAN PER M<sup>2</sup> <sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup>TERTINGGI
UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN PAGAR BANGUNAN GEDUNG NEGARA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Harga satuan per m<sup>2</sup>
tertinggi pembangunan pagar bangunan gedung Negara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditetapkan sesuai klasifikasi bangunan
gedung, letak pagar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta lokasi
Kabupaten / Kotanya </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Harga satuan per m<sup>2</sup>
tertinggi untuk pembangunan pagar rumah Negara, sesuai dengan tipe rumah, letak
pagar, dan lokasi Kabupaten / Kotanya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Harga satuan per m<sup>2</sup>
tersebut, dengan ketentuan tinggi pagar sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Pagar depan dengan tinggi minimum 1,5 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. Pagar samping dengan tinggi minimum 2 m </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. Pagar belakang dengan tinggi minimum 2 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Atau berdasarkan ketentuan Peraturan Daerah
setempat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Harga satuan tertinggi untuk bangunan gedung Negara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan klasifikasi bangunan khusus ,
ditetapkan berdasarkan rincian anggaran biaya (RAB) yang dihitung sesuai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan kebutuhan dan kewajaran harga yang
berlaku.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C.
KOMPONEN BIAYA PEMBANGUNAN </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Anggaran biaya pembangunan bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gedung Negara ialah anggaran yang tersedia
dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dokumen Pembiayaan yang berupa
Daftar isian proyek (DIP) / DIP Suplemen, atau Rencana Anggaran lainnya, yang
terdiri atas komponen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biaya konstruksi
fisik, biaya manajemen / pengawasan konstruksi biaya perencanaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>konstruksi, dan biaya pengelolaan proyek.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. BIAYA KONSTRUKSI FISIK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Yaitu besarnya biaya yang dapat digunakan untuk membiayai
pelaksanaan konstruksi fisik bangunan gedung Negara yang dilaksanakan oleh
pemborong secara kontraktual<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari hasil
pelelangan , penunjukan langsung, atau pemilihan langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penggunaan biaya konstruksi fisik selanjutnya diatur
sebagai berikut : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Biaya
konstruksi fisik dibebankan pada biaya untuk komponen kegiatan konstruksi fisik
proyek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang bersangkutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Biaya konstruksi fisik maksimum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk pekerjaan standar, dihitung dari hasil
perkalian total luas bangunan gedung Negara dengan standar harga satua per m<sup>2</sup>
tertinggi yang berlaku.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk
biaya konstruksi fisik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang belum ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pedoman harga satuannya ( non standar ), dihitung dengan rincian
kebutuhan nyata dan dikonsultasikan dengan instansi teknis setempat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Biaya
konstruksi fisik ditetapkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari hasil
pelelangan pekerjaan yang bersangkutan, maksimunm sebesar biaya konstruksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang tercantum dalam dokumen pembiayaan
bangunan gedung Negara yang bersangkutan, yang akan dicantumkan dalam kontrak,
yang didalamnya termasuk biaya untuk:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Pelaksanaan pekerjaan dilapangan ( material, tenaga,
dan alat )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. Jasa dan overhead pemborong </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. Izin Mendirikan Bangunan ( IMB),
yang IMB-nya telah mulai diproses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>oleh pengelola<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proyek dengan
bantuan konsultan perencana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>konstruksi dan /atau konsultan manajemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>konstruksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4. Pajak dan iuran daerah lainnya, dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5. Biaya asuransi selama pelaksanaan konstruksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">e. Pembayaran biaya konstruksi fisik
dapat dibayarkan secara bulanan atau tahapan tertentu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang didasarkan pada prestasi / kemajuan
pekerjaan fisik di lapangan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BIAYA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MANAJEMEN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>KONSTRUKSI </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Yaitu besarnya biaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>maksimum yang dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan
untuk membiayai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegiatan manajemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>konstruksi pembangunan bangunan gedung Negara, yang dilakukan oleh
konsultan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>manajemen konstruksi secara
kontraktual dari hasil pelelangan, penunjukan langsung, atau pemilihan
langsung. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penggunaan biaya manajemen konstruksi selanjutnya diatur
sebagai berikut : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Biaya manajemen konstruksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibebankan pada biaya untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>komponen
kegiatan manajemen konstruksi proyek yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bersangkutan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Besarnya nilai biaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>manajemen konstruksi maksimum dihitung </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berdasarkan
prosentase biaya manajemen konstruksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terhadap nilai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biaya
konstruksi fisik bangunan yang tercantum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam table B2 dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B3.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. Untuk biaya manajemen konstruksi pekerjaan-pekerjaan
yang belum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ada pedoman
harga satuan tertingginya ( non standar), besarnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biaya manajemen
konstruksinya dihitung secara orang-bulan dan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biaya langsung
yang bias diganti, sesuai dengan ketentuan billing </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rate yang
berlaku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. Biaya manajemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>konstruksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditetapkan dari hasil
pelelangan /<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemilihan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>langsung,
maupun penunjukan langsung pekerjaan yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bersangkutan,
yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan
dicantumkan dalam kontrak, termasuk biaya untuk :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Honorarium tenaga ahli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan tenaga penunjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Materi dan pengadaan laporan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pembelian dan atau sewa peralatan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sewa kendaraan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>biaya rapat-rapat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perjalanan ( local maupun luar kota)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jasa dan <i>overhead</i> manajemen konstruksi
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asuransi
/ pertanggungan ( <i>liability Insurance</i> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">9.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pajak dan iuran daerah lainya </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>e.Pembayaran biaya manajemen konstruksi didasarkan pada prestasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kemajuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pekerjaan perencanaan
dan konstruksi fisik di lapangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yaitu ( maksimum) :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1. Tahap persiapan / pengadaan konsultan perencana<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5
%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Tahap
review rencana teknis sampai </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan
serah terima dokumen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perancangan <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>10 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. Tahap pelelangan Pemborong<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 % </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt 54.0pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. Tahap konstruksi fisik yang
dibayarkan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berdasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>prestasi pekerjaan
konnstruksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fisik
dilapangan s.d. serah terima<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertama
pekerjaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> 80 % </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. BIAYA PERENCANAAN KONSTRUKSI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yaitu besarnya
biaya maksimum yang dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan
untuk membiayai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perencanaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bangunan gedung Negara , yang dilakukan oleh
konsultan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perencana secara
kontraktual dari hasil pelelangan , penunjukan langsung, atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemilihan
langsung. Besarnya biaya perencanaan dihitung berdasarkan nilai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>total keseluruhan
bangunan .</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penggunaan
biaya perencanaan selanjutnya diatur sebagi berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Biaya
perencanaan dibebankan pada biaya untuk komponen kegiatan perencanaan proyek
yag bersangkutan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 48.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Besarnya
nilai biaya perencaan maksimum dihitung berdasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>prosentase biaya perencanaan konstruksi
terhadap niali biaya konstruksi fisik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bangunan yang tercantum pada Tabel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>B1, B2 dan B3.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk
biaya perencanaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pekerjaan-pekerjaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang belum
ada pedoman harga satuan tertingginya (non standar), besarnya biaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perencanaan dihitung secara orang-bulan dan
biaya langsung yang bias diganti, sesuai dengan ketentuan <i>billing rate </i>yang
berlaku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 48.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Biaya
perencanaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditetapkan dari hasil
pelelangan /pemilihan langsung, maupun penunjukan langsung pekerjaan yang
bersangkutan, yang akan dicantumkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam kontrak tersebut biaya untuk:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>honorarium tenaga ahli dan tenaga penunjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 84.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>materi dan pengadaan laporan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 84.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pembelian dan atau sewa peralatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 84.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sewa kendaraan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 84.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">e.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>biaya rapat-rapat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">f.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perjalanan (local maupun luar kota)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 84.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">g.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>jasa dan <i>overhead</i> manajemen konsruksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 84.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">h.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>asuransi/pertanggungan (<i>liability
insurance</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 84.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">i.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pajak dan iuran daerah lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 48.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pembayaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biaya perencanaan didasarkan pada pencapaian
pada pencapaian prestasi/kemajuan perencanaan setiapnya, yaitu (maksimum):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. tahap konsep rancangan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. tahap pra-rangan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>15 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. tahap pengembangan rancangan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>25 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4. tahap rancangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gambar detail<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>30
%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5. tahap pelelangan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> 5 %</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6. tahap pengawasan berkala<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>15 %</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BIAYA
PENGAWASAN KONSRTUKSI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Yaitu besarnya biaya maksimum yang
dapat digunakan untuk membiayai pengawasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pambangunan bangunan gedung Negara yang dilakukan oleh konsultan
pengawas secara kontraktual dari hasil pelelangan, penunjukan langsung, atau
pemilihan langung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penggunaan biaya pengawasan
selanjutnya diatur sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Biaya
pengawasan dibebankan pada biaya untuk komponen kegiatan pengawasan proyek yang
bersangkutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Besarnya
nilai biaya pengawasan maksimum dihitung berdasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>prosentase biaya pengawasan konstruksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap nilai konstruksi fisik bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang tercantum dalam Tabel B1 dan B2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo19; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk
biaya pengawasan pekerjaan-pekerjaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang belum ada pedoman harga satuan tertingginya (non-standar), besarnya
biaya pengawasan dihitung secara orang-bulan dan biaya langsung yang bias
diganti, sesuai dengan ketentuan <i>billing rate</i> yang berlaku. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Biaya
pengawasan ditetapkan dari hasil pelelangan/pemilihan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>langsung, maupun penunjukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>langsung pekerjaan yang bersangkutan, yang
akan dicantumkan dalam kontrak termasuk biaya untuk:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 90.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>honorarium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tenaga ahli dan tenaga penunjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 90.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>materi dan pengadaan laporan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pembelian dan atau sewa peralatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 90.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sewa kendaraan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 90.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>biaya rapat-rapat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 90.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perjalanan (local maupun luar kota)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 90.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>jasa dan <i>overhead</i> manajemen konstruksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 90.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>asuransi/pertanggunan (<i>liability insurance</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: skip; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 90.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">9.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pajak dan iuran daerah lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo21; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pembayaran
biaya pengawasan dapat dibayarkan secara bulanan atau tahapan tertentu yang
didasarkan pada pencapaian prestasi/kemajuan pekerjaan konstruksi fisik di
lapangan, atau penyelesaian tugas dan kewajiban pengawasan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BIAYA
PENGELOLAAN PROYEK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Yaitu besarnya biaya maksimum yang
dapat digunakan untuk membiayai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kegiatan
pengelolaan proyek bangunan gedung negara.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Prosentase besarnya niali komponen
biaya pengelolaan proyek dihitung berdasarkan nilai keseluruhan bangunan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penggunaan biaya pengelolaan proyek
selanjutnya diatur sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Biaya
pengelolaan proyek dibebankan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada biaya
untuk komponen kegiatan pengelolaan proyek dari proyek yang bersangkutan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Besarnya
niali biaya pengelolaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proyek maksimum
dihitung berdasarkan prosentase biaya pengelolaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proyek terhadap nilai biaya konstruksi fisik
bangunan yang tercantum dalam table B1 dan B2.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perincian
penggunaan biaya pengelolaan proyek adalah sebagai berikut;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Biaya
operasional unsure Pemegang Mata Anggaran Biaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>operasional </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>unsur Pemegang Mata anggaran adalah sebesar
65 % dari biaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengelolaan Proyek yang bersangkutan, untuk
keperluan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Honorarium staf dan panitia lelang,
perjalanan dinas, rapat-rapat,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses pelelangan, bahan dan alat yang
berkaitan dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengelolaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>proyek sesuai dengan pentahanpannya, serta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 261.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>persiapan dan pengiriman kelengkapan
administrasi/dokumen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendaftaran bangunan gedung Negara.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Biaya operasional unsur
Pengelola Teknis, </span></div>
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a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Biaya operasionol unsur Penelola
adalah sebesar 35 % dari biaya Pengelolaan Proyek yang bersangkutan, yang
dipergunakan untuk keperluan honorarium Pengelola Teknis, honorarium tenaga
ahli (apabila diperlukan), perjalanan dinas transport local, biaya rapat, biaya
pembelian/penyewaan bahan dan alat yang bersangkutan dengan proyek yang
bersangkutan sesuai dengan pentahapannya.</span></div>
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b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pembiayaan diajukan oleh Instansi
Teknis setempat kepada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemimpin
proeyk/bagian proyek.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>3. Realisasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembiayaan
pengelolaan proyek dapat dilakukan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Secara bertahap sesuai kemajuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pekerjaan (persiapan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Perencanaan pelaksanaan konstruksi). Besarnya honorarium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengikuti ketentuan yang
berlaku. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk
pekerjaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang berada di wilayah yang
sukar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pencapaiannya/sukar </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dijangkau transportasi (renote area) kebutuhan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biaya untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>transportasi/perjalanan dinas dalam rangka survey,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aanwijzing, pengawasan berkala, opname
lapangan, koorniasai dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengelolaan
proyek ke lokasi proyek tersebut, dapat diajukan sebagai biaya non standar, di
luar prosentase bagi pengelolaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proyek,
yang terncantum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam Tabel B1, B2 dan
B3.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Di dalam masing-masing komponen biaya pembangunan
tersebut termasuk semua beban pajak dan biaya perijinan yang berkiatan dengan
pembangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bangunan gedung Negara
sesuai ketentuan yang berlaku.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelebihan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biaya berupa
penghematan yang didapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari bagian
perencanaan, manajemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>konstruksi atau
pengawasan dapat digunakan langsung untuk peningkatan mutu atau penambuahn
kegiatan konstruksi fisik, dengan melakukan revisi Dokumen Pembiayaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">D.
PEMBIAYAAN BANGUNAN / KOMPNEN BANGUNAN TERTENTU </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. HARGA SATUAN TERTINGGI RATA-RATA
PER M<sup>2</sup> BANGUNAN BERTINGKAT UNTUK BANGUNAN GEDUNG NEGARA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Harga satuan tertinggi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>rata-rata per-m<sup>2</sup> bangunan gedung bertingkat adalah didasarkan
ada harga pada harga satuan lantai dasar tertinggi per m<sup>2 </sup>untuk
bangunan gedung bertingkat, kemudian dikalikan dengan koefisien / factor
pengali untuk jumlah lantai yang bersangkutan adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.8pt;" valign="top" width="229">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jumlah lantai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bangunan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Harga Satuan per m2 tertinggi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.8pt;" valign="top" width="229">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bangunan
2 lantai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.090
standar harga gedung bertingkat </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.8pt;" valign="top" width="229">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bangunan
3 lantai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.120
standar harga gedung bertingkat </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.8pt;" valign="top" width="229">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bangunan
4 lantai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.135
standar harga gedung bertingkat </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.8pt;" valign="top" width="229">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bangunan
5 lantai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.162
standar harga gedung bertingkat </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.8pt;" valign="top" width="229">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bangunan
6 lantai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.197
standar harga gedung bertingkat </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.8pt;" valign="top" width="229">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bangunan
7 lantai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.263
standar harga gedung bertingkat </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.8pt;" valign="top" width="229">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bangunan
8 lantai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.265
standar harga gedung bertingkat </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk bangunan yang lebih dari 8 lantai, koefisien /
factor pengali dikonsultasikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan
instansi teknis setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. HARGA SATUAN TERTINGGI RATA-RATA
PER M<sup>2 </sup>BANGUNAN DENGAN FUNGSI<sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></sup>KHUSUS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UNTUK BANGUNAN
GEDUNG NEGARA </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk bangunan / ruang yang mempunyai fungsi khusus, maka
persyaratannya memerlukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyelesaian
khusus, harga satuan tertinggi per m<sup>2</sup> nya didasarkan pada harga
satuan tertinggi untuk lokasi bangunan yang bersangkutan setelah dikalikan
koefisien sebagai berikut : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 32.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fungsi Bangunan / ruang</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Harga satuan per m<sup>2</sup> tertinggi</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ICU/ICCU/UGD/
CMU</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.10<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standar harga bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumah sakit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruang
operasi </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.20<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standar harga bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumah sakit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruang
Radiologiy</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.25<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standar harga bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumah sakit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Laundray/
CSSD</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.10<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standar harga bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumah sakit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perawatan
/ Dapur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.00<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standar harga bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumah sakit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Asrama
Perawat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standar harga bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumah sakit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Laboratorium
RS</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.10<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standar harga bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumah sakit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Workshop</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.100
standar harga bangunan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Power
House</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.25<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standar harga bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lab.
SMP / SMU</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.15<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standar harga bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">UGB
& Prasarananya </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.05<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standar harga bangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.1pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Selasar
luar beratap bangunan </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 261.1pt;" valign="top" width="348">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.50
standar harga bangunan klasifikasi yang sama</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk bangunan gedung / ruang yang mempunyai fungsi
khusus, agar pada tahap penyusunan anggaran berkonsultasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan instansi teknis setempat .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">E.
BIAYA NON STANDAR</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. PEKERJAAN / KEGIATAN YANG
DIKLASIFIKASIKAN SEBAGAI PEKERJAAN NON STANDAR</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Penyiapan lahan yang meliputi :
pembentukan kualitas permukaan tanah / lahan sesuai dengan rancangan ,
pembuatan tanda-tanda lahan, pembersihan lahan, dan pembongkaran </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Pematangan lahan yang meliputi :
pembuatan jalan dan jembatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam
kompleks, jaringan utilitas kompleks ( saluran drainase, air bersih, listrik,
lampu penerangan luar, limbah kotoran , hidran kebakaran), lansekap / taman,
pagar fungsi khusus dan tempat parker.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penyusunan rencana tata bangunan dan
lingkungan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. Penyusunan Studi Analisa mengenai
Dampak Lingkungan ( AMDAL)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">e.
Peningkatan Arsitektur atau struktur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bangunan : penampilan keamanan, keselamatan, kesehatan, aksesibilitas
serta kenyamanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gedung Negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">f.
Pekerjaan khusus kelengkapan bangunan seperti : peralatan tata udara,
generator, pompa listrik, peralatan pencegahan dan penanggulangan kebakaran,
pencegahan dan penanggulangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahaya
serangga dan jamur, peralatan telepon PABX, peralatan penangkal petir khusus,
perabotan dan instalasi khusus bangunan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">g.
Penyambungan yang meliputi : penyambungan air dari PAM / PDAM, penyambungan
listrik dari PLN, penyambungan gas dari perusahaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gas, penyambungan telepon dari Telkom </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">h.
Pekerjaan-pekerjaan lain seperti:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Penyelidikan tanah yang terperinci</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Pekerjaan pondasi dalam yang lebih dari 5
m atau 1/ w>20</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Pekerjaan basement/ bangunan di bawah
permukaan tanah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Fasilitas aksesibilitas untuk kepentingan
penyandang cacat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5. Bangunan-bangunan khusus </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6. Bangunan selasar penghubung, bangunan
tritisan / emperan khusus yang sejenis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">i.
Pengelolaan proyek / perjalanan dinas untuk wilayah yang sukar pencapaiannya /
dijangkau oleh sarana transportasi ( remote area )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">j.
Perizinan-perizinan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>khusus karena sifat
bangunan, lokasi / letak bangunan, ataupun karena luas lahan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">k. Biaya konsultan studi penyusunan
program pembangunan bangunan gedung Negara, untuk banguna gedung yang
penyusunannya memerlukan keahlian konsultan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">l. Biaya konsultan VE, apabila Proyek
menghendaki pelaksanaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilakukan oleh
konsultan independent.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
PEMBIAYAAN PEKERJAAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NON-STANDAR </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 18.0pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>a. Besarnya biaya-biaya untuk pekerjaan tersebut dihitung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berdasarkan rincian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>volume kebutuhan nyata dan harga pasar yang
wajar serta pajak-pajak yang berlaku, dengan terlebih dulu berkonsultasi kepada
instansi Teknis yang bertanggung jawab dari pembinaan bangunan gedung setempat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Besarnya biaya perencanaan,
manajemen konstruksi / pengawasan pekerjaan non-standar, dihitung berdasarkan
billing rate sesuai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ketentuan yang
tercantum dalam Keputusan Menteri keuangan dan Ketua Bapenas yang berlaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo27; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Total
biaya pekerjaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>non standar maksimum
sebesar 250 % dari total<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biayapekerjaan
standar bangunan gedung Negara yang bersangkutan, yang dalam penyusunan
anggarannya, perinciannya antara lain dpat berpedoman pada prosentase sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis Pekerjaan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Biaya Tertinggi</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tata Udara ( AC )</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">25 %- 50 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Elevator / Escalator</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">20 %- 30 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tata Suara</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">7 %- 15 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Telepon dan PABX</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">7 %- 15 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Elektrikal ( termasuk genset)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">17 %- 30 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Instalansi Pencegahan dan
penggulangan kebakaran</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">17 %- 30 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pencegahan bahaya rayap</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2 %- 6 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sewerage Treatment Plan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5 %- 10 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Interior ( termasuk Furniture )</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">30 %- 40 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pondasi Dalam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">10 %- 15 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fasilitas Penyandang Cacat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5 %- 12 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penangkal petir khusus</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2 %- 5 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sarana /prasarana lingkungan </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4 -10 % dari X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Basement (per m<sup>2</sup>)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">150 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari Y</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.2pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Peningkatan mutu *) </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.25pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">15 %- 30 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari Z</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -81.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Catatan *)
= Peningkatan mutu hanya dapat dilakukan dengan memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penjelasan yang secara teknis dapat diterima
dan harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendapatkan rekomendasi dari
instansi teknis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">X<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Total biaya konstruksi fisik
pekerjaan standar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Y<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Standar harga satuan
tertinggi per m<sup>2</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Z<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Total biaya komponen
pekerjaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang ditingkatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mutunya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">F.
PROSENTASE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KOMPONEN PEKERJAAN BANGUNAN
GEDUNG NEGARA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk pekerjaan standar bangunan gedung dan rumah Negara,
sebagai pedoman penyusunan anggaran pembangunan yang lebih dari satu tahun
anggaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan peningkatan mutu dapat
berpedoman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada prosentase komponen-komponen
pekerjaan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 56.35pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Komponen</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gedung Negara</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pondasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5 %- 10 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Struktur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">25 %- 35 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lantai</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5 %- 10 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dinding</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">7 %- 10 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Plafond</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6 %-8 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Atap</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8 %-10 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Utilitas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5%-8 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Finishing</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">10 %-15 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Khusus untuk bangunan rumah Negara berpedoman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada prosentase komponen-komponen pekerjaan
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 56.35pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Komponen</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gedung Negara</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pondasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3 %- 7 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Struktur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">20 %- 25 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lantai</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">10 %- 15 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dinding</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">10 %- 15 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Plafond</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8 %-10 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Atap</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">10 %-15 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Utilitas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8 %-10 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Finishing</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 183.05pt;" valign="top" width="244">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">15 %-20 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-8490305140063372932012-11-26T23:44:00.002-08:002012-11-27T00:30:56.243-08:00bahasa indonesia : ciri tulisan narasi<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Menurut Keraf (2000:136), ciri karangan narasi yaitu</b>:<br />
Menonjolkan unsur perbuatan atau tindakan.<br />
Dirangkai dalam urutan waktu.<br />
Berusaha menjawab pertanyaan, apa yang terjadi?<br />
Ada konfiks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Narasi dibangun oleh sebuah alur
cerita. Alur ini tidak akan menarik jika tidak ada konfiks. Selain alur cerita,
konfiks dan susunan kronologis, ciri-ciri narasi lebih lengkap lagi diungkapkan
oleh Atar Semi (2003: 31) sebagai berikut:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Berupa cerita tentang peristiwa atau pengaalaman penulis.<br />
Kejadian atau peristiwa yang disampaikan berupa peristiwa yang benar-benar
terjadi, dapat berupa semata-mata imajinasi atau gabungan keduanya.<br />
Berdasarkan konfiks, karena tanpa konfiks biasanya narasi tidak menarik.<br />
Memiliki nilai estetika.<br />
Menekankan susunan secara kronologis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri yang dikemukakan Keraf memiliki
ciri berisi suatu cerita, menekankan susunan kronologis atau dari waktu ke
waktu dan memiliki konfiks. Perbedaannya, Keraf lebih memilih ciri yang
menonjolkan pelaku.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan menulis karangan narasi
secara fundamental yaitu:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
1.) Hendak memberikan informasi atau wawasan dan memperluas pengetahuan.<br />
2.) Memberikan pengalaman estetis kepada pembaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah-langkah menulis karangan
narasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
1.) Tentukan dulu tema dan amanat yang akan disampaikan.<br />
2.) Tetapkan sasaran pembaca kita.<br />
3.) Rancang peristiwa-peristiwa utama yang akan ditampilkan dalam bentuk skema
alur.<br />
4.) Bagi peristiwa utama itu ke dalam bagian awal, perkembangan, dan akhir
cerita.<br />
5.) Rincian peristiwa-peristiwa utama ke dalam detail-detail peristiwa sebagai
pendukung cerita.<br />
6.) Susun tokoh dan perwatakan, latar, dan sudut pandang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis-jenis Karangan Narasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>a. Narasi Ekspositorik (Narasi Teknis)</b><br />
Narasi Ekspositorik adalah narasi yang memiliki sasaran penyampaian informasi
secara tepat tentang suatu peristiwa dengan tujuan memperluas pengetahuan orang
tentang kisah seseorang. Dalam narasi ekspositorik, penulis menceritakan suatu
peristiwa berdasarkan data yang sebenarnya. Pelaku yang ditonjolkan biasanya
satu orang. Pelaku diceritakan mulai dari kecil sampai saat ini sampai terakhir
dalam kehidupannya. Karangan narasi ini diwarnai oleh eksposisi, maka ketentuan
eksposisi juga berlaku pada penulisan narasi ekspositorik. Ketentuan ini
berkaitan dengan penggunaan bahasa yang logis, berdasarkan fakta yang ada,
tidak memasukan unsur sugestif atau bersifat objektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Narasi Sugestif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Narasi sugestif adalah narasi yang berusaha untuk memberikan suatu maksud
tertentu, menyampaikan suatu amanat terselubung kepada para pembaca atau pendengar
sehingga tampak seolah-olah melihat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.CIRI-CIRI KARANGAN DESKRIPSI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Karangan ini berisi gambaran mengenai suatu hal/keadaan sehingga pembaca
seolah-olah melihat, mendengar, atau merasakan hal tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karangan deskripsi memiliki
ciri-ciri seperti:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Menggambarkan atau melukiskan sesuatu.<br />
Penggambaran tersebut dilakukan sejelas-jelasnya dengan melibatkan kesan
indera.<br />
Membuat pembaca atau pendengar merasakan sendiri atau mengalami sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pola pengembangan paragraf
deskripsi:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Paragraf Deskripsi Spasial, paragraf ini menggambarkan objek kusus ruangan,
benda atau tempat.<br />
Paragraf Deskripsi Subjektif, paragraf ini menggambarkan objek seperti tafsiran
atau kesan perasaan penulis.<br />
Paragraf Deskripsi Objektif, paragraf ini menggambarkan objek dengan apa adanya
atau sebenarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah menyusun deskripsi:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
1.Tentukan objek atau tema yang akan dideskripsikan.<br />
2.Tentukan tujuan.<br />
3.Mengumpulkan data dengan mengamati objek yang akan dideskripsikan.<br />
4.Menyusun data tersebut ke dalam urutan yang baik (menyusun kerangka
karangan).<br />
5.Menguraikan kerangka karangan menjadi dekripsi yang sesuai dengan tema yang
ditentukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.CIRI-CIRI KARANGAN EKSPOSISI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Paragraf eksposisi adalah paragraf yang bertujuan untuk memaparkan,
menjelaskan, menyampaikan informasi, mengajarkan, dan menerangkan sesuatu tanpa
disertai ajakan atau desakan agar pembaca menerima atau mengikutinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri-ciri paragraf eksposisi:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
a. Memaparkan definisi (pengertian).<br />
b. Memaparkan langkah-langkah, metode, atau cara melaksanakan suatu kegiatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.CIRI-CIRI KARANGAN ARGUMENTASI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Karangan argumentasi adalah jenis paragraf yang mengungkapkan ide, gagasan,
atau pendapat penulis dengan disertai bukti dan fakta (benar-benar terjadi).<br />
Tujuannya adalah agar pembaca yakin bahwa ide, gagasan, atau pendapat tersebut
adalah benar dan terbukti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri-ciri karangan argumentasi:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Menjelaskan pendapat agar pembaca yakin.<br />
Memerlukan fakta untuk pembuktian berupa gambar/grafik, dan lain-lain.<br />
Menggali sumber ide dari pengamatan, pengalaman, dan penelitian.<br />
Penutup berisi kesimpulan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-83027226996044398402012-11-26T23:04:00.001-08:002012-11-26T23:43:36.974-08:00bahasa indonesia : BATASAN, CIRI DAN JENIS KARANGAN ILMIAH<span class="caps"><b>BATASAN</b></span><b>, CIRI </b><span class="caps"><b>DAN JENIS KARANGAN ILMIAH</b></span><br />
<b>A.PENGERTIAN </b><span class="caps"><b>KARANGAN ILMIAH</b></span><br />
“Suatu karangan atau tulisan yang diperoleh sesuai dengan sifat keilmuannya dan
didasari oleh hasil pengamatan, peninjauan, penelitian dalam bidang tertentu,
disusun menurut metode tertentu dengan sistematika penulisan yang bersantun
bahasa dan isinya dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kebenarannya/ keilmiahannya.”—Eko
Susilo, M. 1995:11<br />
Tujuan karangan ilmiah, antara lain: memberi penjelasan, memberi komentar
atau penilaian, memberi saran, menyampaikan sanggahan, serta membuktikan
hipotesa. <br />
Jenis karangan ilmiah, diantaranya makalah, skripsi, tesis, disertasi dan
laporan penelitian. Kalaupun jenisnya berbeda-beda, tetapi keempat-empatnya
bertolak dari laporan, kemudian diberi komentar dan saran. Perbedaannya hanya
terletak pada kekompleksannya. <br />
<b>B.CIRI-CIRI </b><span class="caps"><b>KARANGAN ILMIAH</b></span><br />
Karangan ilmiah mempunyai beberapa ciri, antara lain:<br />
<b>1.Kejelasan. </b><br />
Artinya semua yang dikemukakan tidak samar-samar, pengungkapan maksudnya tepat
dan jernih.<br />
<b>2.Kelogisan.</b><br />
Artinya keterangan yang dikemukakan masuk akal.<br />
<b>3.Kelugasan.</b><br />
Artinya pembicaraan langsung pada hal yang pokok.<br />
<b>4.Keobjektifan</b><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Artinya semua keterangan benar-benar aktual, apa adanya.<br />
<b>5.Keseksamaan</b><br />
Artinya berusaha untuk menghindari diri dari kesalahan atau kehilafan betapapun
kecilnya.<br />
<b>6.Kesistematisan</b><br />
Artinya semua yang dikemukakan disusun menurut urutan yang memperlihatkan
kesinambungan.<br />
<b>7.Ketuntasan.</b><br />
Artinya segi masalah dikupas secara mendalam dan selengkap-lengkapnya.<br />
<b>C.SYARAT </b><span class="caps"><b>KARANGAN ILMIAH</b></span><br />
Suatu karangan dari hasil penelitian, pengamatan, ataupun peninjauan dikatakan
ilmiah jika memenuhi syarat sebagai berikut :<br />
1. Penulisannya berdasarkan hasil penelitian.<br />
2. Pembahasan masalahnya objektif sesuai dengan fakta.<br />
3. Karangan itu mengandung masalah yang sedang dicari pemecahannya.<br />
4. Baik dalam penyajian maupun dalam pemecahan masalah digunakan metode
tertentu.<br />
5. Bahasa yang digunakan hendaklah benar, jelas, ringkas, dan tepat sehingga
tidak terbuka kemungkinan bagi pembaca untuk salah tafsir (hindarkan dari
penggunaan bahasa yang maknanya bersifat konotasi/ambigu).<br />
Melihat persyaratan di atas, seorang penulis karangan ilmiah hendaklah
memiliki ketrampilan dan pengetahuan dalam bidang :<br />
1. Masalah yang diteliti.<br />
2. Metode penelitian.<br />
3. Teknik penulisan karangan ilmiah.<br />
4. Penguasaan bahasa yang baik.<br />
<b>D. </b><span class="caps"><b>BENTUK KARANGNA ILMIAH </b></span><br />
<b>Makalah </b><br />
Makalah ialah karya tulis ilmiah yang menyajikan masalah atau topik dan dibahas
berdasarkan data di lapangan atau kepustakaan. Data itu bersifat empiris dan
objektif. Jumlah halaman untuk makalah minimal 10 halaman.<br />
<b>Ada dua macam makalah atau kertas kerja:</b><br />
<b>(a) Makalah riset/makalah referensi/makalah perpustakaan</b><br />
Riset praktis adalah <span class="caps">KTI </span>(Karya Tulis Ilmiah) yang
ditulis dengan mencari informasi-informasi yang telah terekam dari mana saja,
lalu diolah kembali dengan analisis, sintesis dan interpretasi yang baru.<br />
Riset orijinal atau asli adalah <span class="caps">KTI</span> yang membangun
pengetahuan baru dan menjadi informasi baru bagi setiap orang dengan telah
mengadakan riset praktis terlebih dahulu, yang kemudian diikuti dengan
pengumpulan data empiris di lapangan. Ada dua macam riset asli menurut
pendekatannya, yaitu yang berpendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. <br />
<b>Riset asli dengan pendekatan kuantitatif </b><br />
Ditulis menurut pendekatan deduktif-induktif, artinya secara deduktif penulis
merumuskan dugaan-dugaan sementara atau hipotesis setelah didukung dengan
penelitian praktis, yaitu pada saat melaksanakan kajian pustaka. Dugaan
sementara itu melibatkan variabel-variabel yang dapat diukur dan dinyatakan
dengan angka-angka. Hipotesis itu lalu diuji dengan empiris dengan bantuam
prosedur statistik. <br />
<b>Riset asli dengan berpendekatan kualitatif </b><br />
Digunakan terutama untuk memahami persoalan sosial atau persoalan yang dihadapi
umat manusia dengan membangun sebuah gambaran keadaan dengan kompleks dan
holistik dalam bentuk cerita. Di dalam cerita itu pandangan responden
dilaporkan dengan rinci, demikian pula dengan latar alamiah tempat data
diperoleh. <span class="caps">KTI</span> riset kualitatif dikembangkan secara
induktif. Pandangan responden menjadi komponen yang sangat dominan dalam
substansi <span class="caps">KTI</span> riset kualitatif. Hal ini berbeda dari
substansi <span class="caps">KTI</span> riset kuantitatif yang dicetuskan dari
identifikasi dan rumusan masalah yang dibuat oleh peneliti.<br />
<b>(b) Makalah kritis</b><br />
Dalam kajian ilmiah, kritis berarti tindakan untuk membuat keputusan yang dapat
memilah-milahkan, menilai, atau membuat interpretasi tentang kejadian atau
sebuah karya dalam dunia seni, sastra, filsafat, sosial, sains dan sebagainya.
Tidak jarang makalah kritis adalah makalah yang kontroversial karena makalah
kritis itu memberi evaluasi atas sebuah karya. Tidak selamanya pencipta karya
dan pendukungnya dapat menerima evaluasi yang kurang menyenangkan. Untuk
menghindari kontroversi yang tak sehat, penulis perlu jujur secara intelektual;
menghindari ungkapan-ungkapan yang emosional; tidak menyampaikan informasi yang
hanya benar sebagian, dan menjaga jalan pikiran dengan teratur.<br />
<b>Kertas kerja </b><br />
Kertas kerja ialah karya tulis ilmiah yang bersifat lebih mendalam daripada
makalah dengan menyajikan data di lapangan atau kepustakaan. Data itu bersifat
empiris dan objektif. Jumlah halaman untuk kertas kerja minimal 40 halaman.<br />
<b>Skripsi </b><br />
Skripsi ialah karya tulis ilmiah yang mengemukakan pendapat penulis berdasarkan
pendapat orang lain (karya ilmiah <span class="caps">S 1</span>). Karya ilmiah
ini ditulis untuk meraih gelar sarjana. Langsung (observasi lapangan) skripsi
tidak langsung (studi kepustakaan). Jumlah halaman untuk skripsi minimal 60
halaman<br />
<b>Tesis</b><br />
Tesis ialah karya tulis ilmiah yang mengungkapkan pengetahuan baru dengan
melakukan pengujian terhadap suatu hipotesis. Tesis ini sifatnya lebih mendalam
daripada skripsi (karya ilmiah <span class="caps">S 2</span>). Karya ilmiah ini
ditulis untuk meraih gelar magister. Jumlah halaman untuk Tesis minimal 80
halaman<br />
<b>Disertasi </b><br />
Disertasi ialah karya tulis ilmiah yang mengemukakan teori atau dalil baru yang
dapat dibuktikan berdasarkan fakta secara empiris dan objektif (karya ilmiah <span class="caps">S 3</span>). Karya ilmiah ini ditulis untuk meraih gelar doktor.
Jumlah halaman untuk Disertasi minimal 250 halaman.<br />
<b>E. </b><span class="caps"><b>RAGAM ILMIAH</b></span><br />
Bahasa ragam ilmiah merupakan ragam bahasa berdasarkan pengelompokkan menurut
jenis pemakaiannya dalam bidang kegiatan sesuai dengan sifat keilmuannya. Dalam
penggunaanya, ragam ilmiah harus memenuhi syarat diantaranya benar (sesuai
dengan kaidah bahasa Indonesia baku), logis, cermat dan sistematis. <br />
<b>Adapun ciri-ciri yang terlihat pada ragam ilmiah, antara lain,
seperti berikut ini:</b><br />
Pertama, baku. Struktur bahasa yang digunakan sesuai dengan kaidah bahasa
Indonesia baku, baik mengenai struktur kalimat maupun kata. Demikian juga,
pemilihan kata istilah dan penulisan yang sesuai dengan kaidah ejaan.<br />
Kedua, logis. Ide atau pesan yang disampaikan melalui bahasa Indonesia ragam
ilmiah dapat diterima akal.<br />
Contoh: “Masalah pengembangan website harus kita tingkatkan.”<br />
Ide kalimat di atas tidak logis. Pilihan kata “masalah’, kurang tepat.
Pengembangan website mempunyai masalah kendala. Tidak logis apabila masalahnya
kita tingkatkan. Kalimat di atas seharusnya “Pengembangan website harus kita
tingkatkan.”<br />
Ketiga, kuantitatif. Keterangan yang dikemukakan pada kalimat dapat diukur
secara pasti.<br />
Perhatikan contoh ini : “Pemegang jabatan tinggi di perusahaan itu “kebanyakan”
lulusan Universitas Gunadarma.”<br />
Arti kata kebanyakan relatif, mungkin bisa 5, 6 atau 10 orang. Jadi, dalam
tulisan ilmiah tidak benar memilih kata “kebanyakan” kalimat di atas dapat kita
benahi menjadi “Pemegang jabatan tinggi di perusahaan itu lima diantaranya
adalah lulusan Universitas Gunadarma.”<br />
Keempat, tepat. Ide yang diungkapkan harus sesuai dengan ide yang
dimaksudkan oleh pemutus atau penulis dan tidak mengandung makna ganda. Contoh:
“Komputer laboratorium yang sudah rusak itu sedang diperbaiki.”<br />
Kalimat tersebut, mempunyai makna ganda, yang rusaknya itu mungkin komputer,
atau mungkin juga laboratorium.<br />
Kelima, denotatif yang berlawanan dengan konotatif. Kata yang digunakan atau
dipilih sesuai dengan arti sesungguhnya dan tidak diperhatikan perasaan karena
sifat ilmu yang objektif.<br />
Keenam, runtun. Ide diungkapkan secara teratur sesuai dengan urutan dan
tingkatannya, baik dalam kalimat maupun dalam alinea atau paragraf adalah
seperangkat kalimat yang mengemban satu ide atau satu pokok bahasan.<br />
<b>F</b><span class="caps"><b>L</b></span><b>.PERBEDAAN </b><span class="caps"><b>MAKA AH DAN KERTAS KERJA</b></span><br />
Makalah sebenarnya sama dengan kertas kerja. Perbedaannya adalah kertas kerja
itu dikerjakan dengan lebih serius dibanding makalah, dan disampaikan di
forum-forum ilmiah maupun praktisi yang lebih besar. Makalah lebih banyak
ditulis oleh siswa dan mahasiswa dalam mengerjakan tugas-tugas sekolah. Biasanya
makalah atau kertas kerja ditulis setebal 15 halaman, walaupun ada juga makalah
yang setebal 30 halaman. Artikel ilmiah adalah makalah atau kertas kerja yang
dipublikasikan di jurnal.<br />
<b>G.PERBEDAAN </b><span class="caps"><b>SKRIPSI</b></span><b>,
TESIS, </b><span class="caps"><b>DAN DISERTASI</b></span><br />
Skripsi, tesis dan disertasi adalah <span class="caps">KTI </span>(Karya Tulis
Ilmiah) dalam suatu bidang studi yang masing-masing ditulis oleh mahasiswa
program S1, S2 dan S3. Perbedaan ketiganya secara relatif disebabkan oleh
kedalaman, keluasan, dan sifat temuan yang lebih asli atau kurang asli, serta
kekritisan dalam membahas pendapat orang lain. <br />
Temuan pada disertasi dituntut lebih asli dibanding temuan pada tesis dan
skripsi. Demikian pula, temuan pada tesis diharapkan lebih asli dibanding
temuan pada skripsi. <br />
Disertasi dituntut untuk sangat kritis dalam membahas temuan-temuan atau
teori-teori yang lain, dan dapat secara tegas menunjukkan posisinya ketika
membahas dan mengevaluasi temuan-temuan lain sebelumnya. <br />
Disertasi itu biasanya wajib mengemukakan suatu dalil yang dapat dibuktikan
oleh penulis berdasarkan data dan fakta yang sahih (valid) dan dengan analisis
yang terinci.<br />
<b>H.PERSAMAAN </b><span class="caps"><b>SKRIPSI</b></span><b>,
TESIS, </b><span class="caps"><b>DAN DISERTASI</b></span><br />
Skripsi, tesis dan disertasi adalah <span class="caps">KTI</span> yang merupakan
riset asli. Skripsi, tesis dan disertasi ditulis dengan terlebih dahulu
melakukan riset praktis atau kajian kepustakaan. Karena ketiganya merupakan
laporan penelitian lapangan dengan cara mengumpulkan data empiris dari
lapangan, ketiganya juga merupakan <span class="caps">KTI</span> riset asli.<br />
<b>I. </b><span class="caps"><b>PERBEDAAN SKRIPSI</b></span><b>,
TESIS, </b><span class="caps"><b>DAN DISERTASI DENGAN MAKALAH DAN KERTAS
KERJA</b></span><br />
Skripsi, tesis dan disertasi berbeda dari makalah biasa karena ketiganya perlu
dipertahankan di hadapan dewan penguji, dan penulisannya mendapatkan
pembimbingan.<br />
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</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-21078575478640696292012-11-26T22:54:00.001-08:002012-11-26T23:43:36.970-08:00bahasa indonesia : Batasan Kosa Kata dan Diksi
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Pilihan Kata</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Pilihan kata atau diksi adalah pemilihan kata – kata yang sesuai dengan apa
yang hendak kita ungkapkan. Saat kita berbicara, kadang kita tidak sadar dengan
kata – kata yang kita gunakan. Maka dari itu, tidak jarang orang yang kita ajak
berbicara salah menangkap maksud pembicaraan kita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari buku Gorys Keraf (DIKSI DAN
GAYA BAHASA (2002), hal. 24) dituliskan beberapa point – point penting tentang
diksi, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Plilihan kata atau diksi mencakup
pengertian kata – kata mana yang harus dipakai untuk mencapai suatu gagasan,
bagaimana membentuk pengelompokan kata – kata yang tepat atau menggunakan
ungkapan – ungkapan, dan gaya mana yang paling baik digunakan dalam suatu
situasi.<br />
• Pilihan kata atau diksi adalah kemampuan membedakan secara tepat nuansa –
nuansa makna dari gagasan yang ingin disampaikan, dan kemampuan untuk menemukan
bentuk yang sesuai (cocok) dengan situasi dan nilai rasa yang dimiliki kelompok
masyarakat pendengar.<br />
• Pilihan kata yang tepat dan sesuai hanya dimungkinkan oleh penguasa sejumlah
besar kosa kata atau perbendaharaan kata bahasa itu. Sedangkan yang dimaksud
pembendaharaan kata atau kosa kata suatu bahasa adalah keseluruhan kata yang
dimiliki suatu bahasa.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Kata-Kata Ilmiah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, kita tentu saja sudah sangat sering mendengar kata
ilmiah. Kata ilmiah seringkali dihubungkan dengan bidang pendidikan atau
hal-hal yang berbau ilmu pengetahuan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia Edisi Kedua, kata ilmiah memiliki arti bersifat ilmu. Secara ilmu
pengetahuan, memenuhi syarat (kaidah) ilmu pengetahuan. Namun, pengertian dari
kata ilmiah itu sendiri tidak lantas menjelaskan keilmiahan dari sebuah karya
atau kegiatan yang bersifat ilmiah. Untuk mengukur keilmiahan suatu karya atau
kegiatan perlu ada tolok ukur.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Pembentukan Istilah dan Defenisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Istilah adalah kata atau frasa yang dipakai sebagai nama atau lambang dan yang
dengan cermat mengungkpakan makna konsep, proses, keadaan, atau sifat yang khas
dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, dan seni.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat istilah yang baik :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
1.Paling tepat mengungkapkan konsep yang dimaksud.<br />
2.Paling singkat di antara pilihan yang ada.<br />
3.Bernilai rasa (konotasi) baik.<br />
4.Sedap didengar (eufonik).<br />
5.Bentuknya seturut kaidah bahasa Indonesia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum, definisi dibagi menjadi
dua bagian, yaitu definisi nominal (suatu persamaan kata yang tepat digunakan)
dan definisi formal (definisi logis atau riel).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi nominal digunakan untuk
hal-hal yang sifatnya praktis dengan tujuan mempermudah pemahaman. Ada beberapa
macam definisi nominal, misalnya, sinonim atau persamaan makna, definisi kamus
atau penunjukan klas terhadap suatu benda atau barang, etimologi kata atau
penggunaan kata asing yang memerlukan penjelasan yang tepat dan persis dalam bahasa
Indonesia, stipulatif atau suatu batasan kata yang tidak ditafsirkan lain,
(misalnya Menteri adalah Menteri Kehakiman dan Hak Asasi Manusia), dan antonim
atau penyangkalan (misalnya orang mati adalah orang yang tidak hidup).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Khusus untuk etimologi kata, kita
harus mengartikan suatu kata asing sesuai dengan asal kata asingnya. Pengertian
“yurisdiksi” misalnya, yang terdiri dari juris (jus) = hukum dan diksi (dicere)
= berkata, dapat diartikan orang tidak boleh bicara di sini melainkan di tempat
lain, yang mengandung maksud lingkup kuasa pengadilan, atau lingkungan hak dan
kewajiban serta tanggung jawab di suatu wilayah, atau lingkungan kerja
tertentu.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi formal yang juga disebut
sebagai definisi logis atau ilmiah yang sebagian besar digunakan dalam membuat
batasan atau pengertian dalam peraturan perundangundangan, dalam pembuatannya
perlu memperhatikan syarat-syarat di bawah ini :</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.Ekuivalen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Definisi yang dibuat harus dapat diuji melalui konverbilitas atau dapat
dipertukarkan satu sama lain antara yang didefinisikan (definiendum) dan yang
mendefinisikan (definiens). A = B dan B = A. Jika A dan B dapat dibuktikan sama
dan dapat dipertukarkan, maka ini merupakan definisi yang baik. Jika tidak
dapat dipertukarkan, maka definisi tersebut hanya merupakan pernyataan.<br />
Contoh : Nenas adalah buah yang rasanya asam. Jika dibalik atau dipertukarkan,
maka berbunyi: Buah yang rasanya asam adalah nenas. Apakah secara logika
definisi ini betul? Jika tidak, maka contoh di atas hanya merupakan pernyataan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.Paralel</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Dalam membuat suatu definisi, hindarkan adanya penggunaan kata-kata dalam
definiens, misalnya kata atau frasa: jika, apabila, kalau, jikalau, di mana,
untuk apa, kepada siapa, dll. karena definiens dapat mengandung syarat atau
pengandaian yang dapat menimbulkan ketidakpastian definisi, yang pada akhirnya
dapat mempengaruhi kepastian hukum.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.Pengulangan Kata Definiens</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Hindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama yang ada dalam definiendum,misalnya,
Ilmu Hukum, kata “ilmu” dan “hukum” harus didefinisikan sebagai “Pengetahuan
mengenai normanorma yang mengatur tingkah laku yang disusun berdasarkan
sistimatika yang teratur”. Jadi bukan “Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang hukum.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi “sosiologi”, misalnya,
kurang baik jika logi tidak didefinisikan atau Definisi kadang-kadang logi
dipadankan dengan kata “ilmu”. Jadi logi atau ilmu harus pula didefinisikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.Negatif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Hindari adanya definiens yang negatif, dalam arti menggunakan kata seperti:
bukan, tidak, non, dslb., kecuali terhadap klas-klas yang mempunyai sifat
dekotomi atau yang disangkal ciri deferensialnya dan bukan anggotanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurang benar jika kita mengatakan
bahwa “Manusia adalah bukan binatang”. Bandingkan jika ada definisi yang
menyatakan bahwa “Yatim Piatu adalah seorang anak yang tidak mempunyai ayah dan
ibu”. Contoh terakhir ini salah satu pengecualian penyangkalan ciri
deferensialnya dan hal ini tidak bisa dihindari untuk tidak menggunakan kata
negatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai pedoman yang terpenting
dalam pembentukan definisi adalah bahwa dalam mendefinisikan suatu kata yang
akan dibatasi, hindari adanya definisi yang berjejal atau definisi yang di
dalamnya mengandung norma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : Bus adalah kendaraan umum
yang mempunyai paling sedikit enam roda dan dalam kendaraan harus disediakan
oleh karoseri atau pembuat kendaraan bus sebanyak dua puluh empat tempat duduk,
termasuk tempat duduk pengemudi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata “harus” yang ditujukan kepada
karoseri di atas adalah suatu norma. Jadi, jika ada suruhan kepada seseorang
atau warga, maka suruhan tersebut harus dituangkan dalam materi yang diatur,
bukan di dalam batasan pengertian atau definisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Kata Serapan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Kata serapan adalah kata yang berasal dari bahasa asing yang sudah
diintegrasikan ke dalam suatu bahasa dan diterima pemakaiannya secara umum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh kata serapan dalam bahasa
Indonesia adalah:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
tetapi (dari bahasa Sansekerta tathâpi: namun itulah)<br />
mungkin (dari bahasa Arab mumkinun: ?)<br />
meski (dari bahasa Portugis mas que: walau)<br />
Penyerapan kata dari bahasa Cina sampai sekarang masih terjadi di bidang
pariboga termasuk bahasa Jepang yang agaknya juga potensial menjadi sumber
penyerapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di antara penutur bahasa Indonesia
beranggapan bahwa bahasa Sanskerta yang sudah ’mati’ itu merupakan sesuatu yang
bernilai tinggi dan klasik. Alasan itulah yang menjadi pendorong penghidupan
kembali bahasa tersebut. Kata – kata Sanskerta sering diserap dari sumber yang
tidak langsung, yaitu Jawa Kuna. Sistem morfologi bahasa Jawa Kuna lebih dekat
kepada bahasa Melayu. Kata – kata yang berasal dari bahasa Sanskerta-Jawa Kuna
misalnya acara, bahtera, cakrawala, darma, gapura, jaksa, kerja, lambat,
menteri, perkasa, sangsi, tatkala, dan wanita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Arab menjadi sumber serapan
ungkapan, terutama dalam bidang agama Islam. Kata rela (senang hati) dan korban
(yang menderita akibat suatu kejadian), misalnya, yang sudah disesuaikan
lafalnya ke dalam bahasa Melayu pada zamannya dan yang kemudian juga mengalami
pergeseran makna, masing-masing adalah kata yang seasal dengan rida (perkenan)
dan kurban (persembahan kepada Tuhan). Dua kata terakhir berkaitan dengan konsep
keagamaan. Ia umumnya dipelihara betul sehingga makna (kadang-kadang juga
bentuknya) cenderung tidak mengalami perubahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelum Ch. A. van Ophuijsen
menerbitkan sistem ejaan untuk bahasa Melayu pada tahun 1910, cara menulis
tidak menjadi pertimbangan penyesuaiankata serapan . Umumnya kata serapan
disesuaikan pada lafalnya saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meski kontak budaya dengan penutur
bahasa – bahasa itu berkesan silih berganti, proses penyerapan itu ada kalanya
pada kurun waktu yang tmpang tindih sehingga orang-orang dapat mengenali suatu
kata serapan berasal dari bahasa yang mereka kenal saja, misalnya pompa dan
kapten sebagai serapan dari bahasa Portugis, Belanda, atau Inggris. Kata
alkohol yang sebenar asalnya dari bahasa Arab, tetapi sebagian besar orang
agaknya mengenal kata itu berasal dari nahasa Belanda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata serapan dari bahasa Inggris ke
dalam kosa kata Indonesia umumnya terjadi pada zaman kemerdekaan Indonesia,
namun ada juga kata – kata Inggris yang sudah dikenal, diserap, dan disesuaikan
pelafalannya ke dalam bahasa Melayu sejak zaman Belanda yang pada saat Inggris
berkoloni di Indonesia antara masa kolonialisme Belanda. Kata –kata itu seperti
kalar, sepanar, dan wesket. Juga badminton, kiper, gol, bridge.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesudah Indonesia merdeka, pengaruh
bahasa Belanda mula surut sehingga kata – kata serapan yang sebetulnya berasal
dari bahasa Belanda sumbernya tidak disadari betul. Bahkan sampai dengan
sekarang yang lebih dikenal adalah bahasa Inggris.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.Hal-Hal yang Mempengaruhi Pilihan
Kata</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
• Sebelum menentukan pilihan kata, maka harus diperhatikan dua hal pokok,
yakni: masalah makna dan relasi makna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Makna sebuah kata atau sebuah
kalimat merupakan makna yang tidak selalu berdiri sendiri. Adapun makna menurut
Chaer (Chaer, 1994: 60) terbagi atas beberapa kelompok yaitu:<br />
a. Makna Leksikal dan makna Gramatikal<br />
b. Makna Referensial dan Nonreferensial<br />
c. Makna Denotatif dan Konotatif<br />
d. Makna Konseptual dan Makna Asosiatif<br />
e. Makna Kata dan Makna Istilah<br />
f. Makna Idiomatikal dan Peribahasa<br />
g. Makna Kias dan Lugas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Relasi adalah hubungan makna yang
menyangkut hal kesamaan makna (sinonim), kebalikan makna (antonim), kegandaan
makna (polisemi dan ambiguitas), ketercakupan makna (hiponimi), kelainan makna
(homonimi), kelebihan makna (redundansi) dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Adapun relasi makna terbagi atas
beberapa kelompok yaitu :<br />
a. Kesamaan Makna (Sinonim)<br />
b. Kebalikan Makna (Antonim)<br />
c. Kegandaan Makna (Polisemi dan Ambiguitas)<br />
d. Ketercakupan Makna (Hiponimi)<br />
e. Kelebihan Makna (Redundansi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.Kesalahan Pembentukan dan
Pemilihan Kata</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada bagian berikut akan
diperlihatkan kesalahan pembentukan kata yang sering kita temukan, baik dalam
bahasa lisan maupun dalam bahasa tulis. Setelah diperlihatkan bentuk yang
salah, diperlihatkan pula bentuk yang benar yang merupakan perbaikannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.Penanggalan Awalan meng-</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Penanggalan awalan <b>meng-</b> pada judul berita dalam surat kabar
diperbolehkan. Namun, dalam berita teks beritanya awalan <b>meng-</b> harus
eksplisit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di bawah ini di perlihatkan bentuk
yang salah dan bentuk yang benar.<br />
Amerika serikat luncurkan pesawat bolak-balik Columbia. (salah)<br />
Amerika serikat <b>me</b>luncurkan pesawat bolak-balik Columbia. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.Penanggalan Awalan ber-</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Kata-kata yang berawalan <b>ber-</b> sering menanggalkan awalan <b>ber-</b>.
Padahal, awalan <b>ber-</b> harus dieksplisitkan secara jelas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dibawah ini dapat dilihat bentuk
salah dan benar dalam pemakaiannya.<br />
Sampai jumpa lagi. (salah)<br />
Sampai <b>ber</b>jumpa lagi. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendapat saya beda dengan
pendapatnya. (salah)<br />
Pendapat saya <b>ber</b>beda dengan pendapatnya. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.Peluluhan bunyi /c/</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Kata dasar yang diawal bunyi <b>/c/</b> sering menjadi luluh apabila mendapat
awalan <b>meng-</b>. Padahal, sesungguhnya bunyi <b>/c/</b> tidak luluh apabila
mendapat awalan <b>meng-.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dibawah ini diperlihatkan bentuk
salah dan bentuk benar.<br />
Wakidi sedang <b>meny</b>uci mobil. (salah)<br />
Wakidi sedang <b>menc</b>uci mobil. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eka lebih <b>meny</b>intai boby
daripada <b>meny</b>intai Roy. (salah)<br />
Eka lebih <b>menc</b>intai Boby daripada <b>menc</b>intai Roy. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.Penyengauan Kata Dasar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Ada lagi gejala penyengauan bunyi awalan kata dasar. Penyengauan kata dasar ini
sebenarnya adalah ragam lisan yang di pakai dalam ragam tulis. Akhirnya,
pencampuradukan antara ragam lisan dan ragam tulis menimbulkan suatu bentuk
kata yang salah dalam pemakaian. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kita sering menemukan pengunaan
kata-kata, mandang, ngail, ngantuk, nabrak, nanam, nulis, nyubit, ngepung,
nolak, nyabut, nyuap, dan nyari. Dalam bahasa Indonesia baku tulis, kita harus
menggunakan kata-kata memandang, mengail, mengantuk, menabrak, menanam,
menulis, mencubit, menolak, mencabut, menyuap, dan mancari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.Bunyi /s/, /k/, /p/, dan /t/ yang
Berimbuhan meng-/peng-</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Kata dasar yang bunyi awalnya <b>/s/, /k/, /p/, atau /t/</b> sering tidak luluh
jika mendapat awalan <b>meng-</b> atau <b>peng-</b>. Padahal, menurut kaidah
baku bunyi-bunyi itu harus lebur menjadi bunyi sengau. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di bawah ini dibedakan bentuk salah
dan bentuk benar dalam pemakaian sehari-hari.<br />
Eksistensi Indonesia sebagai negara <b>pens</b>uplai minyak sebaiknya di
pertahankan. (salah)<br />
Eksistensi Indonesia sebagai negara <b>peny</b>uplai minyak sebaiknya di
pertahankan. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua warga negara harus <b>ment</b>aati
peraturan yang berlaku. (salah)<br />
Semua warga negara harus <b>men</b>aati peraturan yang berlaku. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaidah peluluhan bunyi<b> s, k, p,</b>
dan <b>t</b> tidak berlaku pada kata-kata yang dibentuk dengan gugus konsonan.
Kata <b>traktor</b> apabila diberi awalan <b>meng-</b>, kata ini akan menjadi <b>mentraktor</b>
bukan <b>menraktor</b>. Kata <b>proklamasi</b> apabila di beri awalan <b>meng-</b>
akan menjadi <b>memproklamasikan.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.Awalan ke- yang Keliru</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Pada kenyataanya sehari-hari, kata-kata yang seharusnya berawalan <b>ter-</b>
sering diberi berawalan <b>ke-</b>. Hal itu disebabkan oleh kekurang cermatan
dalam memilih awalan yang tepat. Umumnya kesalahan itu dipengaruhi oleh bahasa
daerah (Jawa/Sunda). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dibawah ini di paparkan bentuk salah
dan bentuk benar dalam pemakaian.<br />
Pengendara motor itu meninggal karena <b>ke</b>tabrak oleh metro mini. (salah)<br />
Pengendara motor itu meninggal karena <b>ter</b>tabrak oleh metro mini. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengapa kamu <b>ke</b>tawa terus?
(salah)<br />
Mengapa kamu <b>ter</b>tawa terus? (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlu diketahui bahwa awalan <b>ke-</b>
hanya dapat menempel pada kata bilangan, awalan <b>ke-</b> tidak dapat dipakai.
Pengecualian terdapat pada kata <b>kekasih, kehendak, dan ketua</b>. Oleh sebab
itu , <b>kata ketawa, kecantol, keseleo, kebawa, ketabrak</b> bukanlah bentuk
baku dalam bahasa Indonesia. Bentuk yang benar ialah <b>kedua, ketiga, keempat,
keseribu, dan seterusnya.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.Pemakaian Akhiran ir-</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Pemakaian akhiran <b>ir-</b> sangat produktif dalam penggunaan bahasa Indonesia
sehari-hari. Padahal, dalam bahasa Indonesia baku untuk padanan akhiran <b>ir-</b>
adalah <b>–asi</b> atau <b>–isasi.</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di bawah ini di ungkapkan bentuk
yang salah dan bentuk yang benar.<br />
Saya sanggup <b>mengkoordinir</b> kegiatan itu. (salah)<br />
Saya sanggup <b>mengoordinasi</b> kegiatan itu. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soekarno-Hatta memprokla<b>mirkan</b>
Negara republik Indonesia. (salah)<br />
Soekarno-Hatta memprokla<b>masikan</b> Negara republik Indonesia. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata lainya seperti:<br />
Akomodir – akomodasi<br />
Legalisir – legalisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlu diperhatikan, akhiran <b>–asi</b>
atau <b>asasi</b> pada kata-kata <b>lelenisasi, turinisasi, neonisasi,
radionisasi, pompanisasi, dan koranisasi</b> merupakan bentuk yang salah karena
kata dasarnya bukan kata serapan dari bahasa asing. Kata-kata itu harus
diungkapkan menjadi usaha peternakan <b>lele, usaha penanaman turi, usaha
pemansangan neon, gerakan memasyarakatkan radio, gerakan pemasangan pompa, dan
gerakan memasyarakatkan Koran.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.Padanan yang Tidak serasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Karena pemakai bahasa kurang cermat memilih padanan kata yang serasi, yang
muncul dalam pembicaraan sehari-hari adalah padanan yang tidak sepadan atau
tidak serasi. Hal itu terjadi karena dua kaidah bahasa bersilang atau bergabung
dalam sebuah kalimat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di bawah ini dipaparkan bentuk salah
dan bentuk benar, terutama dalam memakai ungkapan penghubung intrakalimat.<br />
Karena modal di bank terbatas <b>sehingga</b> tidak semua pengusaha lemah
memperoleh kredit. (salah)<br />
Karena modal di bank terbatas, tidak semua pengusaha lemah memproleh kredit.
(benar)<br />
Karena modal di bank terbatas sehingga semua pengusaha lemah memperoleh kredit.
(benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk-bentuk di atas adalah bentuk
yang mengabungkan kata <b>karena</b> dan <b>sehingga</b>, kata <b>apabila</b>
dan <b>maka</b>, dan kata <b>walaupun</b> dan <b>tetapi</b>. Penggunaan dua
kata itu dalam sebuah kalimat tidak di perlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk-bentuk lainya yang merupakan
padanan yang tidak serasi adalah <b>disebabkan karena</b>, dan <b>lain
sebagainya, karena. . . . maka, untuk . . . maka, meskipun . . . tetapi, kalau
. . . maka, dan sebagainya.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk yang baku untuk mengganti
padanan itu adalah<b> disebabkan oleh, dan lain-lain, atau dan sebagainya;
karena/untuk/kalau saja tanpa diikuti maka,atau maka saja tanpa didahulai
karena/untuk/kalau; meskipun saja tanpa di susul tetapi atau tetapi saja tanpa
di susul meskipun.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.Pemakaian Kata Depan di, ke, dari,
bagi, pada, dari pada, dan terhadap</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Dalam pemakaian sehari-hari, pemakaian <b>di, ke, dari, bagi,</b> dan <b>daripada</b>
sering dipertukarkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di bawah ini dipaparkan bentuk benar
dan bentuk salah dalam pemakaian kata depan.<br />
Putusan <b>daripada</b> pemerintah itu melegakan hati rakyat. (salah)<br />
Putusan pemerintah itu melegakan hati rakyat. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meja ini terbuat <b>daripada</b>
kayu. (salah)<br />
Meja ini terbuat <b>dari</b> kayu. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">j.Pemakaian Akronim (Singkatan)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Singkatan ialah hasil menyingkat atau memendekan berupa huruf atau gabungan
huruf seperti PLO, UI, DPR, KPP, KY, MA, KBK, dan KTSP. Yang dimaksud dengan
bentuk singkatan ialah kontraksi bentuk kata sebagai mana dipakai dalam ucapan
cepat, seperti lab (laboratorium).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemakaian akronim dan singkatan
dalam bahasa Indonesia kadang- kadang tidak teratur. Singkatan IBF mempunyai
dua makna, yaitu international boxing federation dan international badminton
federation. Oleh sebab itu, pemakaian akronim dan singkatan sedapat mungkin
dihindari karena sudah umum maknanya telah mantap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k.Penggunaan Kesimpulan, Keputusan,
Penalaran, dan Pemukiman</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Kata-kata <b>kesimpulan</b> bersaing pemakaiannya dengan kata <b>simpulan</b>.<br />
Kata <b>keputusan</b> bersaing pemakaiannya dengan kata <b>putusan</b>.<br />
Kata <b>permukiman</b> bersaing dengan kata <b>pemukiman</b>.<br />
Lalu bentukan manakah yang sebenarnya paling tepat? Apakah yang tepat
kesimpulan yang salah simpulan, ataukah sebaliknya yang tepat keputusan yang
salah putusan, ataukah sebaliknya. Mana yang benar penalaran ataukah penalaran;
kata pemukiman atau pemukiman?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentukan kata dalam bahasa
Indonesia sebenarnya mengikuti pola yang rapi dan konsisten. Kalau kita
perhatikan dengan seksama, bentukan-bentukan kata itu memiliki hubungan antara
yang satu dan yang lain. Dengan kata lain, terdapat korelasi diantara bentukan
tersebut. Perhatikanlah, misalnya Verab yang berawalan <b>meng-</b> dapat
dibentuk menjadi nomina yang bermakna ‘proses’ yang berimbuhan <b>peng-an</b>
dan dapat pula di bentuk menjadi nomina yang berbentuk ‘proses’ yang berimbuhan
<b>peng-an</b> dan dapat pula dibentuk menjadi nomina yang bermakna ‘hasil’
yang beribuhan <b>–an.</b><br />
Contoh:<br />
Paman saya sudah membeli rumah di <b>pe</b>mukiman Puri Giri Indah. (salah)<br />
Paman saya sudah membeli rumah di <b>per</b>mukiman Puri Giri Indah. (benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l. Penggunaan Kata yang Hemat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Salah satu ciri pemakaian bahasa yang efektif adalah pemakaian bahasa yang
hemat kata, tetapi padat isi. Namun dalam komunikasi sehari-hari sering
dijumpai pemakaian kata yang tidak hemat (boros). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut ini daftar kata yang sering
digunakan tidak hemat itu.<br />
Boros / Hemat<br />
1. sejak dari / sejak atau dari<br />
2. agar supaya agar / supaya<br />
3. demi untuk / demi atau untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Marilah kita lihat perbandingan
pemakaian kata yang boros dan hemat berikut.<br />
Karburator adalah bagian mesin motor tempat <b>dimana</b> gas bahan bakar
minyak bercampur dengan udara. (boros, salah)<br />
Karburator adalah bagian mesin motor tempat gas bahan bakar minyak bercampur
dengan udara. (Hemat, Benar)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkembangan teknik mobil
akhir-akhir ini sangat pesat <b>sekali.</b> (Boros, Salah)<br />
Perkembangan teknik mobil akhir-akhir ini sangat pesat. (Hemat, Benar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemakaian kata yang boros seperti <b>sejak
dari, adalah, merupakan, demi untuk, agar supaya,</b> dan <b>zaman dahulu kala</b>
juga harus di hindari.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">m.Analogi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Di dalam dunia olahraga terdapat istilah petinju. Kata petinju berkolerasi
dengan kata bertinju. Kata petinju berarti ‘orang yang (biasa) bertinju’, bukan
‘orang yang (biasa) meninju’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dewasa ini dapat dijumpai banyak
kata yang sekelompok dengan petinju, seperti pesenam, pesilat, pegolf,
peterjun, petenis, dan peboling. Akan tetapi, apakah semua kata dibentuk dengan
cara yang sama dengan pembentukan kata petinju? Jika harus dilakukan demikian,
akan tercipta bentukan seperti berikut ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Petinju <b>‘orang bertinju’</b><br />
Pesenam <b>‘orang yang bersenam’</b><br />
Pesilat <b>‘orang yang bersilat’</b><br />
Peski <b>‘orang yang berski’</b><br />
Kata bertinju, bersenam, dan bersilat mungkin biasa digunakan, tetapi kata
bergolf, berterjun, bertenis dan berboling bukan kata yang lazim. Oleh sebab,
itu munculnya kata<br />
Peski<br />
Peselancar<br />
Pegolf<br />
Petenis<br />
Peboling</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada dasarnya tidak dibentuk dari<br />
Berski (yang baku bermain ski)<br />
Berselancar (yang baku bermain selancar)<br />
Bergolf (yang baku bermain golf)<br />
Bertenis (yang baku bermain tenis)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n.Bentuk Jamak dalam Bahasa
Indonesia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Dalam pemakaian sehari-hari, kadang-kadang orang salah mengunakan bentuk jamak
dalam bahasa Indonesia sehingga terjadi bentuk yang rancu atau kacau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk jamak dalam bahasa Indonesia
dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut:<br />
1) Bentuk jamak dengan melakukan pengulangan kata yang bersangkutan, seperti<br />
Kuda-kuda<br />
Meja-meja<br />
Buku-buku</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) Bentuk jamak dengan menambah kata
bilangan, seperti<br />
Beberapa meja<br />
Sekalian tamu<br />
Semua buku<br />
Dua tempat<br />
Sepuluh computer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) Bentuk jamak dengan menambah kata
Bantu jamak, seperti para tamu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4) Bentuk jamak dengan menggunakan
kata ganti orang seperti<br />
Mereka<br />
kita<br />
Kami<br />
kalian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam pemakaian kata sehari-hari
orang cenderung memilih bentuk jamak asing dalam menyatakan jamak dalam bahasa
Indonesia. Dibawah ini beberapa bentuk jamak dan bentuk tunggal dari bahasa
asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BentukTunggal Bentuk Jamak<br />
datum data<br />
alumnus alumni<br />
alim ulama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam bahasa Indonesia bentuk datum
dan data yang dianggap baku ialah data yang dipakai sebagai bentuk tunggal.
Bentuk alumnus dan alumni yang dianggap baku ialah bentuk alumni yang dipakai
sebagai bentuk tunggal. Bentuk alim dan ulama kedua-duanya dianggap baku yang
di pakai masing-masing sebagai bentuk tunggal. Oleh sebab itu, tidak salah
kalau ada bentuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa data,<br />
Tiga alumni, dan seterusnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o.Penggunaan di mana, yang mana, hal
mana</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Kata di mana tidak dapat dipakai dalam kalimat pernyataan. Kata dimana tersebut
harus diubah manjadi yang, bahwa, tempat, dan sebagainya. </span></div>
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semoga bermanfaatAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-22864054032246793562012-11-26T22:46:00.004-08:002012-11-26T23:43:36.972-08:00bahasa indonesia : bahasa surat
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<a href="http://adegustiann.blogsome.com/2009/02/02/bahasa-surat/" title="Permanent Link: Bahasa Surat"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. PENGGUNAAN BAHASA INDONESIA DALAM
SURAT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Penggunaan kata-kata dialek yang belum diakaji kebenrannya tidak dibenarkan.
Penggunaan kata-kata <i>gimana, ngapain, kenapa, entar, kasih, bikin,</i> dan
yang semacam itu termasuk tidak baik. Padanan kata-kata itu yang dianggap baik
adalah <i>bagaimana. mengapa, nanti, memberi, membuat.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian kata yang baku dapat
dilihat dalam daftar berikut:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata Baku</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Februari, formal, pertanggungjawaban, November, persen, pikir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata Tidak Baku</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Pebruari, formil, pertanggungan jawab, Nopember, prosen, fikir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.KATA YANG LAZIM</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Pilihlah kata yang lazim memakai istilah dalam bahasa Indonesia.<br />
Misalnya:</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<b>masukan</b> bukan <b>input</b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suku cadang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bukan <b>sparepart</b><br />
<b>Peringkat</b> bukan <b>rangking</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dampak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bukan <b>impact</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.KATA YANG CERMAT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Kata <i>memohon, meminta, menugasi, memerintahkan, menganjurkan</i> dan <i>menyarankan</i>
merupakan kata-kata yang mempunyai arti yang sama. Penulis surat dinas
hendaknya dapat memilih kata tersebut dengan tepat sesuai dengan pesan yang
ingin disampaikan dalam Surat.<br />
Penggunaan sapaan <i>Bapak, Ibu, Saudara,</i> dan <i>Ananda</i> hendaknya tepat
Pula sesuai dengan kedudukan orang yang dikirimi Surat tersebut. Apakah
penerima Surat lebih tinggi pangkat atau kedudukannya, ataukah sederajat dengan
pengirim Surat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.UNGKAPAN IDEOMATIK</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Unsur-Unsur dalam ungkapan idiomatik sudah tetap dan senyawa. Unsur-unsur itu
tidak boleh ditambah, dikurangi, atau dipertukarkan.<br />
Yang termasuk Ungkapan idiomatik antara lain:<br />
sesuai dengan<br />
bertemu dengan<br />
terbuat dari<br />
luput dari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.UNGKAPAN YANG BERSINONIM</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Ungkapan-ungkapan yang bersinonim atau berarti sama sebaiknya tidak digunakan
sekaligus.<br />
Contoh:<br />
<b>sejak</b> dan <b>dari</b> (tidak digunakan segaligus)<br />
<b>adalah</b> dan <b>merupakan</b> (tidak digunakan sekaligus)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p>semoga bermanfaat </o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-26869477005261046312012-11-26T14:47:00.001-08:002012-11-26T15:13:39.515-08:00metode penelitian 3 : LANDASAN TEORI, KERANGKA BERPIKIR, DAN PENGAJUAN HIPOTESIS<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">PENGERTIAN TEORI</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Teori adalah alur logika atau penalaran yang merupakan seperangkat konsep,
definisi, dan proposisi yang disusun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>secara sistematis. Ada tiga fungsi teori, yaitu: untuk (1) menjelaskan
(explanation), (2) meramalkan (prediction), dan (3) pengendalian (control)
suatu gejala.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengapa besi kalau kena
panas memuai? </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dapat dijawab
dengan teori yang berfungsi menjelaskan. Kalau besi dipanaskan sampai 75
derajat C, berapa pemuaiannya?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dapat dijawab dengan teori yang berfungsi meramalkan. Selanjutnya, berapa
jarak sambungan rel kereta api yang paling sesuai dengan kondisi iklim
Indonesia sehingga kereta api jalannya nyaman tidak terganggu oleh sambungan
rel? Dapat dijawab dengan teori yang berfungsi mengendalikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setiap teori akan mengalami perkembangan, dan perkembangan itu terjadi
apabila teori sudah tidak relevan dan kurang berfungsi lagi untuk mengatasi masalah.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengapa pendidikan di Indonesia belum menghasilkan Sumber Daya Manusia yang
berkualitas, dapat dijelaskan melalui teori yang berfungsi menjelaskan. Setelah
SDM tidak berkualitas, bagaimana akibatnya terhadap perekonomian dan iptek
nasional, dijawab dengan teori yang berfungsi prediktif. Supaya pendidikan di
Indonesia dapat menghasilkan SDM yang berkualitas, dijawab dengan teori yang
berfungsi pengendalian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">TINGKATAN DAN FOKUS TEORI</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Numan (dalam Sugiyono, 2008) mengatakan bahwa tingkatan teori dapat
dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">micro</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">meso</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">macro</i>. </span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Level
teori <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">micro</i> maksudnya:
memerlukan hanya sedikit waktu, tempat, dan sejumlah orang. Konsep,
biasanya tidak terlalu abstrak.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Level
teori <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">meso</i> maksudnya: mencoba
menarik benang merah antara micro dan macro. Contoh: teori organisasi dan
gerakan sosial, atau komunitas tertentu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Level
teori macro: berkenaan dengan hal-hal yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>operasional seperti lembaga sosial, sistem budaya secara
keseluruhan, dan keseluruhan masyarakat. Level ini banyak menggunakan
konsep dan abstract.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Selanjutnya, Numan mengatakan bahwa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fokus
teori </b>dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu: teori <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">substantif</i>, teori <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">formal</i>,
dan teori <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pertengahan</i> (antara):</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teori
substantif adalah pengembangan dari hal-hal yang khusus, seperti: aksi
pemogokan kerja, kelompok anak nakal, perceraian, atau pertentangan antar
golongan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teori
formal adalah konsep yang global di dalam ilmu umum, seperti penyimpangan
– penyimpangan dalam bidang sosial dan kekuasaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teori
pertengahan (antara) adalah sedikit lebih abstrak. Bentuknya dapat formal.
Biasanya digunakan didalam ilmu sosiologi.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teori yang digunakan untuk perumusan hipotesis yang akan diuji melalui
pengumpulan data adalah teori substantif, karena teori ini lebih fokus berlaku
untuk obyek yang diteliti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">KEGUNAAN TEORI DALAM PENELITIAN</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Semua penelitian bersifat ilmiah, oleh karena itu semua peneliti harus
berbekal teori. Dalam penelitian kuantitatif, teori yang digunakan harus sudah
jelas, oleh karena itu teori akan berfungsi untuk memperjelas masalah yang akan
diteliti., sebagai dasar untuk merumuskan hipotesis, dan sebagai referensi
untuk menyusun instrumen penelitian.Untuk itu maka landasan teori dalam
proposal penelitian kuantitatif harus sudah jelas teori apa yang akan dipakai.
Untuk ini, maka harus dipahami konsep ”Pohon Teori”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jika diambil contoh dari Ilmu Pendidikan, maka teori- teori pendidikan
dapat disusun dalam bentuk pohon ilmu pendidikan . Akar dari ilmu pendidikan
dikembangkan dari: ilmu tingkah laku, biologi, fisiologi, psikologi, sosiologi,
antropology, ekonomi. Selain itu juga dikembangkan dari pengalaman empiris
praktek pendidikan sekolah dan luar sekolah. Cita – cita hidup, agama, hukum,
konstitusi, sejarah, dan adat istiadat juga digunakan sebagai dasar untuk
mengembangkan ilmu pendidikan. Lihat gambar 1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Fungsi teori dalam kegiatan penelitian, menurut Sugiyono (2008) adalah yang
pertama digunakan untuk memperjelas dan mempertajam ruang lingkup, atau
konstruk variabel yang akan diteliti. Fungsi yang kedua, adalah untuk
merumuskan hipotesis dan menyusun instrumen penelitian, karena hipotesis itu
adalah pernyataan yang bersifat prediktif. Selanjutnya, fungsi yang ketiga
adalah digunakan untuk membahas hasil penelitian, sehingga selanjutnya
digunakan untuk memberikan saran dalam upaya memecahkan masalah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam bab tentang proses penelitian dapat dilihat bahwa untuk dapat
mengajukan hipotesis, maka peneliti harus membaca buku-buku dan hasil
penelitian yang relevan, lengkap dan mutakhir. Membaca buku adalah prinsip
berpikir deduksi dan membaca hasil penelitian adalah prinsip berpikir induksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam landasan teori perlu dikemukakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deskripsi
teori</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kerangka berpikir</i>,
sehingga dapat dirumuskan hipotesis dan instrumen penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">DESKRIPSI TEORI</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Deskripsi teori dalam suatu penelitian merupakan uraian sistematis tentang
teori (bukan sekedar pendapat pakar atau penulis buku) dan hasil-hasil
penelitian yang relevan dengan variabel yang diteliti. Berapa jumlah kelompok
teori yang perlu dikemukakan atau dideskripsikan, akan tergantung pada luasnya
permasalahan dan secara teknis tergantung pada jumlah variabel yang diteliti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Contoh</span></u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jika dalam suatu penelitian terdapat tiga variabel bebas dan satu variabel
terikat, maka kelompok teori yang harus dideskripsikan ada empat kelompok
teori, yaitu kelompok teori yang berkenaan variabel bebas ada tiga dan kelompok
teori yang berkenaan dengan variabel terikat ada satu buah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Isi deskripsi teori meliputi: penjelasan terhadap variabel – variabel yang
diteliti, melalui pendefinisian, dan uraian yang lengkap dan mendalam dari
berbagai referensi, sehingga ruang lingkup , kedudukan dan prediksi terhadap
hubungan antar variabel yang akan diteliti menjadi lebih jelas dan terarah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teori yang dideskripsikan dalam proposal maupun laporan penelitian dapat
digunakan sebagai indikator apakah peneliti menguasai teori dan konteks yang
diteliti atau tidak. Variabel penelitian yang tidak dapat dijelaskan dengan
baik, yang meliputi: pengertian,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">kedudukan dan hubungan antar variabel, menunjukkan bahwa peneliti tidak
menguasai teori dan konteks penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk menguasai teori, maupun generalisasi – generalisasi dari hasil
penelitian, maka peneliti harus rajin membaca. Orang harus membaca dan membaca,
dan menelaah yang dibaca itu setuntas mungkin agar ia dapat menegakkan landasan
yang kuat bagi langkah – langkah berikutnya. Membaca merupakan ketrampilan yang
harus dikembangkan dan dipupuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk dapat membaca dengan baik, maka peneliti harus mengetahui sumber –
sumber bacaan. Sumber bacaan dapat berbentuk: buku teks, kamus, ensiklopedia,
journal ilmiah dan hasil – hasil penelitian. Bila peneliti tidak memiliki
sumber – sumber bacaan sendiri, maka dapat memanfaatkan perpustakaan , baik
perpustakaan lembaga formal, maupun perpustakaan pribadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sumber bacaan yang baik harus memenuhi tiga kriteria, yaitu: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relevansi</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kelengkapan</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kemutakhiran</i>
(kecuali penelitian sejarah yang justru menggunakan bacaan lama). <u>Relevansi</u>
berkenaan dengan kecocokan antara variabel yang diteliti dengan teori yang
dikemukakan. <u>Kelengkapan</u>, berkenaan dengan banyaknya sumber yang dibaca.
<u>Kemutakhiran</u> berkenaan dengan dimensi waktu. Makin baru sumber yang
dibaca, maka makin mutakhir teori yang disajikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hasil penelitian yang relevan bukan berarti sama persis dengan keadaan yang
diteliti, tetapi masih dalam lingkup yang sama. Secara teknis, hal – hal yang
sama tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah: permasalahan yang
diteliti, waktu penelitian, tempat penelitian, sampel penelitian, metode
penelitian, analisis, dan kesimpulan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Misal penelitian yang lalu, melakukan penelitian tentang penjualan sepeda
motor di Jawa Timur dan peneliti berikutnya, melakukan penelitian serupa tetapi
di Jawa Tengah. Jadi hanya beda lokasi. Oleh karena itu peneliti kedua ini
dapat menggunakan referensi hasil penelitian yang pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Langkah untuk dapat mendiskripsikan teori dengan baik adalah sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tetapkan
nama variabel yang diteliti, dan jumlah variabelnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cari
sumber buku bacaan (seperti: buku, kamus, ensiklopedia, journal ilmiah,
laporan penelitian, Skripsi, Tesis, Disertasi.) sebanyak -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>banyaknya dan relevan dengan setiap
variabel yang diteliti.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lihat
daftar isi setiap buku, dan pilih topik yang relevan dengan setiap
variabel yang akan diteliti.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cari
definisi setiap variabel yang akan diteliti pada setiap sumber bacaan,
kemudian bandingkan dengan sumber lain, dan pilih definisi yang sesuai
dengan penelitian yang akan dilakukan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Baca
seluruh isi topik buku yang sesuai dengan variabel yang akan diteliti,
lakukan analisa, renungkan, dan buatlah rumusan dengan bahasa sendiri
tentang isi setiap sumber data yang dibaca.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Deskripsikan
teori – teori yang telah dibaca dari berbagai sumber ke dalam bentuk
tulisan dengan bahasa sendiri. Kemudian cantumkan sumber bacaan dari
setiap buku yang dibaca.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">KERANGKA BERPIKIR</span></b></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Uma Sekaran (Dalam Sugiyono, 2008) mengatakan bahwa Kerangka Berpikir
adalah suatu model konseptual tentang bagaimana teori berhubungan dengan
berbagai faktor yang telah diidentifikasikan sebagai masalah yang penting.
Untuk menggambarkan konsep kerangka berpikir ini, disampaikan gambar sebagai
berikut: (Gambar 2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menetapkan variabel yang diteliti.</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk menentukan kelompok teori apa yang perlu dikemukakan dalam menyusun
kerangka berpikir untuk pengajuan hipotesis, maka harus ditetapkan terlebih
dulu variabel penelitiannya. Berapa jumlah variabel yang diteliti, dan apakah
nama setiap variabel, merupakan titik tolak untuk menentukan teori yang akan
dikemukakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Membaca buku hasil penelitian (HP).</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah variabel ditentukan , maka langkah berikutnya adalah membaca buku –
buku dan hasil penelitian yang relevan. Buku – buku yang dibaca dapat berbentuk
teks, ensiklopedia, dan kamus. Hasil penelitian yang dapat dibaca adalah:
laporan penelitian, journal ilmiah, skripsi, tesis dan disertasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Deskripsi teori dan hasil penelitian
(HP).</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDKNbEgL03-oA4giz7_WGzTGgmJ1cTiwgXbTMZP1pvruxvwqPqxkOjHiVUQTktY4SPgG_FTZIU9bmSkpE4TvmMnpopMusOiV-1j_MFAR29IEsrmur6lI3UlmTVUDvI28JNOqvxwQGC5zk/s1600/data.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDKNbEgL03-oA4giz7_WGzTGgmJ1cTiwgXbTMZP1pvruxvwqPqxkOjHiVUQTktY4SPgG_FTZIU9bmSkpE4TvmMnpopMusOiV-1j_MFAR29IEsrmur6lI3UlmTVUDvI28JNOqvxwQGC5zk/s640/data.jpg" width="472" /></a></div>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dari buku dan hasil penelitian yang dibaca akan dapat
dikemukakan teori – teori yang berkenaan dengan variabel yang diteliti.
Deskripsi teori berisi tentang definisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terhadap masing –masing variabel yang diteliti, uraian rinci tentang
ruang lingkup setiap variabel, dan kedudukan antara variabel satu dengan yang
lain.</span><br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> 4. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Analisis Kritis terhadap Teori dan
Hasil Penelitian</span></b><br />
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada tahap ini peneliti melakukan analisis secara kritis terhadap teori –
teori dan hasil penelitian yang telah dikemukakan. Dalam analisis ini peneliti
akan mengkaji apakah teori – teori dan hasil penelitian yang telah ditetapkan
itu betul – betul<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sesuai dengan obyek
penelitian atau tidak, karena sering terjadi teori – teori yang berasal dari
luar tidak sesuai dengan kondisi di dalam negeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Analisis komparatif terhadap teori
dan hasil penelitian.</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Analisis komparatif dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan antara teori satu
dengan teori yang lain, dan hasil penelitian satu dengan penelitian yang lain.
Melalui analisis komparitif ini peneliti dapat memadukan antara teori satu
dengan teori yang lain, atau mereduksi bila dipandang terlalu luas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sintesa kesimpulan</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melalui analisis kritis dan komparatif thdp teori-teori dan hasil
penelitian yg relevan dgn semua variabel yg diteliti, selanjutnya peneliti
dapat melakukan sintesa atau kesimpulan sementara. Perpaduan sintesa antara
variabel satu dgn variabel yang lain akan mengahasilkan kerangka berpikir yang
selanjutnya dapat digunakan untuk merumuskan hipotesis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kerangka Berpikir</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah sintesa atau kesimpulan sementara dapat dirumuskan maka selanjutnya
dapat disusun kerangka berpikir. Kerangka berpikir yang dihasilkan dapat berupa
kerangka berpikir yang asosiatif/hubungan maupun komparatif/perbandingan.
Kerangka berpikir asosiatif dapat menggunakan kalimat: jika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">begini</i> maka akan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">begitu</i>; Jika guru kompeten, maka hasil belajar akan tinggi. Jika
kepemimpinan kepala sekolah baik, maka iklim kerja sekolah akan baik. Jika
kebijakan pendidikan dilaksanakan secara baik dan konsisten, maka kualitas SDM
di Indonesia akan meningkat pada gradasi yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan kerangka berpikir tersebut selanjutnya disusun hipotesis. Bila
kerangka berpikir berbunyi ”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jika guru
kompeten, maka hasil belajar akan tinggi”,</i> maka hipotesisnya berbunyi ”a<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">da hubungan yang positif dan signifikan
antara kompetensi guru dengan hasil belajar”.</i> Bila kerangka berpikir
berbunyi karena lembaga pendidikan A menggunakan teknologi pembelajaran yang
tinggi, maka kualitas hasil belajar akan lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan
lembaga pendidikan B yang teknologi pembelajarannya rendah. Hipotesisnya akan
berbunyi: ”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Terdapat perbedaan kualitas
hasil belajar yang signifikan antara lembaga pendidikan A dan B, atau hasil
belajar lembaga pendidikan A lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan lembaga
pendidikan B”</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Selanjutnya, Uma Sekaran (dalam Sugiyono, 2008) menengarahi bahwa kerangka
berpikir yang baik, memuat hal – hal sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Variabel – variabel yang akan
diteliti harus dijelaskan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Diskusi dalam kerangka berpikir harus
dapat menunjukkan dan menjelaskan hubungan antar variabel yang diteliti,
dan teori yang mendasari.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Diskusi juga harus dapat menunjukkan
dan menjelaskan apakah hubungan antar variabel itu positif atau negatip,
berbentuk simetris, kausal atau interaktif (timbal balik).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kerangka berpikir tersebut
selanjutnya perlu dinyatakan dalam bentuk diagram (paradigma penelitian),
sehingga pihak lain dapat memahami kerangka berpikir yang dikemukakan.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">HIPOTESIS</span></b></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis merupakan jawaban sementara terhadap rumusan masalah penelitian,
dimana rumusan masalah telah dinyatakan dalam kalimat pertanyaan. Dikatakan
sementara karena jawaban itu baru didasarkan pada teori yang relevan, belum
didasarkan pada fakta – fakta empiris yang diperoleh melalui pengumpulan data.Tetapi
perlu diketahui bahwa tidak semua penelitian harus mempunyai hipotesis.
Penelitian yang bersifat eksploratif dan deskriptif sering tidak perlu
merumuskan hipotesis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penelitian yang merumuskan hipotesis adalah penelitian yang menggunakan
pendekatan kuantitatif. Penelitian kualitatif tidak merumuskan hipotesis,
tetapi justru diharapkan dapat menemukan hipotesis. Hipotesis tersebut akan
diuji oleh peneliti dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis yang diuraikan di atas adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis
penelitian</i>. Disamping itu ada yang dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis statistik</i>. Hipotesis statistik adalah hipotesis yang
dalam proses penelitiannya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bekerja dengan
sampel</i>. Jadi, jika penelitian tidak menggunakan sampel, maka tidak ada
hipotesis statistik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Contoh</span></u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seluruh
populasi</i>, maka muncul hipotesis penelitian tetapi tidak memiliki hipotesis
statistik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Di depan telah diuraikan bahwa hipotesis adalah jawaban sementara terhadap
rumusan masalah penelitian yang didasarkan pada teori-teori yang relevan,
hipotesis ini, yang akan diuji dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis
kerja</i>, sedangkan hipotesis lawannya, yaitu hipotesis yang dirumuskan karena
teori yang digunakan masih diragukan kehandalannya, dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis nol (nihil).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Perbedaan antara hipotesis penelitian dan hipotesis
statistik lebih jelas dilukiskan dalam gambar 3 – 03 dan gambar 4 – 03.</span>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7tTOY91dsJ5L7ZJHq3GKuboPAoPsuj45GQXOgV8TnCIVSAM5mgF7nzX3FPTxMFVx4IIzhfCGiGeVL9Aw64SDxpoN63SydrbLU9nzbIlAcgg2pwrmqTLTnudbrwOJghXfTZs5Ihlhos4g/s1600/data+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7tTOY91dsJ5L7ZJHq3GKuboPAoPsuj45GQXOgV8TnCIVSAM5mgF7nzX3FPTxMFVx4IIzhfCGiGeVL9Aw64SDxpoN63SydrbLU9nzbIlAcgg2pwrmqTLTnudbrwOJghXfTZs5Ihlhos4g/s400/data+1.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div>
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Contoh Hipotesis Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kemampuan
berbahasa Inggris mahasiswa program studi X di Politeknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu rendah (hipotesis deskriptif untuk
populasi, hipotesis ini sering tidak dirumuskan dalam penelitian sosial).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak
terdapat perbedaan prestasi belajar antara mahasiswa program studi X dan Y.
(Hipotesis komparatif, untuk populasi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ada
hubungan positif antara penghasilan orang tua mahasiswa, dengan fasilitas
belajar yang diberikan kepada mahasiswa tersebut. (Hipotesis asosiatif, untuk
populasi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmsqkd3M1-oxsf-O9bU_lWavn-AUbdoRZ2R0g1zhulG4bhs8Ru5ctW-pNrK9yc6cG8F-TzF_tiAKBGEvEWlgCWSZJSITerBPJ_WrsKnRHYLe4AhOC9pPq-kS5IlazY4WMwN5OGTSme4k/s1600/data+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmsqkd3M1-oxsf-O9bU_lWavn-AUbdoRZ2R0g1zhulG4bhs8Ru5ctW-pNrK9yc6cG8F-TzF_tiAKBGEvEWlgCWSZJSITerBPJ_WrsKnRHYLe4AhOC9pPq-kS5IlazY4WMwN5OGTSme4k/s640/data+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gambar 4 – 03 menjelaskan hubungan antara hipotesis penelitian dan
hipotesis statistik. Hipotesis statistik diperlukan untuk membuktikan apakah
hipotesis yang hanya diuji dengan data sampel itu dapat diberlakukan untuk
populasi atau tidak. Dalam pembuktian ini akan muncul istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">signifikansi</i> dari pengujian. Signifikan
artinya hipotesis penelitian yang telah terbukti pada sampel itu (baik
deskriptif, komparatif, maupun asosiatif) dapat diberlakukan ke populasi.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Contoh hipotesis penelitian
yang mengandung hipotesis statistik.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ada
perbedaan yang signifikan antara prestasi belajar rata-rata dalam sampel dan
dalam populasi. Prestasi belajar anak paling tinggi mendapat nilai 6,5
(hipotesis deskriptif, sering tidak dirumuskan dalam penelitian).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terdapat
perbedaan yang signifikan antara semangat belajar anak dari keluarga petani dan
nelayan (hipotesis komparatif, petani dan nelayan adalah sampel).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ada
hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara kerajinan belajar dengan prestasi
belajar mahasiswa pada Politeknik A. (Hipotesis hubungan/asosiatif, data dari
Politeknik diambil dengan sampel).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Didepan sudah diuraikan bahwa hipotesis penelitian dibedakan atas <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis kerja</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis no</i>l. Hipotesis kerja dinyatakan dalam kalimat positif,
dan hipotesis nol dinyatakan dalam kalimat negatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam statistik dikenal dua macam hipotesis yaitu: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis kerja</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis
alternatif </i>(hipotesis alternatif tidak sama dengan hipotesis kerja).
Prosedur pengujiaan hipotesis dalam penelitian biasanya disusun sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Uji terlebih dahulu hipotesis
penelitian, terutama hipotesis kerjanya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bila penelitian itu akan membuktikan
apakah hasil pengujian hipotesis itu signifikan atau tidak, maka
diperlukan hipotesis statistik.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teknik statistik yang digunakan untuk
menguji hipotesis ini adalah statistik inferensial. Statistik yang bekerja
dengan data populasi adalah statistik deskriptif.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam hipotesis statistik, yang diuji
adalah hipotesis nol, yaitu hipotesis yang menyatakan tidak ada perbedaan
antara data sampel dan data populasi. Mengapa peneliti menguji hipotesis
nol? Karena <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">peneliti berharap tidak
ada perbedaan antara sampel dan populasi</b> atau antara statistik dan
parameter. Jika ada, diharapkan perbedaannya kecil. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Parameter</i> adalah ukuran-ukuran yang berkenaan dengan populasi,
sementara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">statistik</i> adalah
ukuran-ukuran yang berkenaan dengan sampel.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bentuk – bentuk hipotesis.</span></b></div>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bentuk hipotesis penelitian terkait erat dengan
rumusan masalah penelitian. Berdasarkan tingkat eksplanasinya maka hubungan
antara rumusan masalah penelitian dengan bentuk hipotesisnya dapat ditunjukkan
dalam tabel 1 – 03 berikut.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc6KpFZyhx47GVkAmJfzy__uyzBrFD3f5Gw0qyTEyAW8auqg2PsUeWrl_7lECjTRM-msTumWXsG1FMhogzriaBMvl-uZHdr46R6AOxlA7fjYjMVhOQDIJKauALngLNxvSfk0wKhKuRPwA/s1600/data+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc6KpFZyhx47GVkAmJfzy__uyzBrFD3f5Gw0qyTEyAW8auqg2PsUeWrl_7lECjTRM-msTumWXsG1FMhogzriaBMvl-uZHdr46R6AOxlA7fjYjMVhOQDIJKauALngLNxvSfk0wKhKuRPwA/s640/data+3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Deskriptif</span></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis deskriptif adalah jawaban sementara terhadap rumusan masalah
deskriptif, yaitu yang berkenaan dengan variabel mandiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Contoh</span></u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumusan masalah deskriptif</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berapa
lama daya tahan petugas keamanan Bank X berdiri per hari, dalam menyapa para
nasabah yang memasuki bank tersebut?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seberapa
besar semangat belajar mahasiswa Politeknik Y?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Deskriptif</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan beberapa waktu yang
lalu terhadap daya tahan ”berdiri” seluruh petugas keamanan Bank X (populasi),
diperoleh hasil sebesar 6 jam/ hari. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Selanjutnya, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis
nol (Ho)</i> akan berbunyi sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Daya tahan
berdiri petugas keamanan Bank X (sampel) sama dengan 6 jam/hari</i>.” Ini
berarti daya tahan berdiri petugas keamanan Bank X yang ada pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sampel</i> diharapkan tidak berbeda secara
signifikan dengan daya tahan yang ada pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">populasi</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumusan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis
alternatif</i> adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Daya tahan
berdiri petugas keamanan Bank X ≠ 6 jam/ hari</i>.” Tidak sama (≠) berarti
mungkin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lebih besar</i> atau mungkin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lebih kecil</i> dari 6 jam/ hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Statistik</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> (hanya ada bila berdasarkan data sampel).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>µ = 6
jam/ hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ha:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>µ ≠ 6
jam/ hari.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">µ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adalah nilai rata-rata populasi yang
dihipotesiskan atau ditaksir melalui sampel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk rumusan masalah 1) b) hipotesis nolnya (Ho)
dapat berbentuk demikian:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Semangat
belajar mahasiswa Politeknik Y = 75 % dari kriteria ideal yang ditetapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Semangat
belajar mahasiswa Politeknik Y, paling sedikit 60 % dari kriteria ideal yang
ditetapkan ( ≥ ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Semangat
belajar mahasiswa Politeknik Y, paling banyak 60 % dari kriteria ideal yang
ditetapkan (≤) .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lazimnya, hipotesis yang diajukan hanya satu, dan hipotesis mana yang
dipilih tergantung pada teori dan pengamatan pendahuluan yang dilakukan pada
obyek. Hipotesis alternatif masing-masing adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Semangat
belajar mahasiswa Politeknik Y ≠ 75 %.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Semangat
belajar mahasiswa Politeknik Y > 75 %.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Semangat
belajar mahasiswa Politeknik Y < 75 %.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis statistik hanya ada jika berdasarkan data sampel. Hipotesis ini
dapat ditulis sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p = 75 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ha:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p ≠ 75
%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p ≥ 75 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ha:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p <
75 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p ≤ 75 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ha:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p >
75 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p
=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hipotesis berbentuk prosentase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teknik statistik yang digunakan untuk menguji ketiga hipotesis tersebut
tidak sama. Cara pengujian hipotesis akan disajikan pada Bab tersendiri, yaitu
Bab tentang Analisa Data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Komparatif</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis komparatif merupakan jawaban sementara terhadap rumusan masalah
komparatif. Pada rumusan ini variabelnya sama, tetapi populasi atau sampelnya
yang berbeda. Atau keadaan itu terjadi pada waktu yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Contoh</span></u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumusan
Masalah Komparatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bagaimanakah prestasi belajar mahasiswa Politeknik
X<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bila dibandingkan dengan Politeknik Y
?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis
Komparatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan rumusan masalah komparatif tersebut
dapat disampaikan tiga model hipotesis nol dan hipotesis alternatif sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Nol.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tidak terdapat perbedaan prestasi belajar
antara mahasiswa Politeknik X </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
Politeknik Y. Atau terdapat persamaan prestasi belajar antara mahasis-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wa
Politeknik X dan Y.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prestasi belajar mahasiswa Politeknik X
lebih besar atau sama dengan (≥) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Politeknik Y.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prestasi belajar mahasiswa Politeknik X
lebih kecil atau sama dengan (≤)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Politeknik Y.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Alternatif. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ha:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prestasi belajar mahasiswa Politeknik X
lebih besar atau lebih kecil (≠) dari </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Politeknik Y.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ha:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prestasi belajar mahasiswa Politeknik X
lebih kecil dari pada (<) Politeknik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Y.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ha:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prestasi belajar mahasiswa Politeknik X
lebih besar dari pada (>) Politeknik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Y.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Statistik</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>µ1 = µ2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ha:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>µ1 ≠
µ2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>µ1 ≥ µ2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ha:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>µ1
< µ2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>µ1 ≤ µ2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ha:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>µ1
> µ2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">µ1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rata – rata (populasi) produktivitas karyawan
Politeknik X.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">µ2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rata – rata (populasi) produktivitas karyawan
Politeknik Y.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Asosiatif</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis asosiatif adalah jawaban sementara terhadap rumusan masalah
asosiatif, yaitu yang menanyakan hubungan antara dua variabel atau lebih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumusan
Masalah Asosiatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adakah hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara
kepemimpinan Direktur suatu perusahaan dengan iklim kerja di perusahaan
tersebut ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis
Penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan
antara kepemimpinan Direktur suatu perusahaan dengan iklim kerja di perusahaan
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis
Statistik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p = 0.
................. = 0, berarti tidak ada hubungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ho:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p ≠ 0.
................. ≠ 0, berarti lebih besar atau kurang dari 0.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">p<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= nilai
korelasi dalam formulasi yang dihipotesiskan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Paradigma Penelitian, Rumusan Masalah ,
dan Hipotesis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada bab 02 telah diuraikan tentang paradigma penelitian. Berdasarkan
paradigma penelitian ini peneliti dapat: merumuskan masalah, dilanjutkan dengan
hipotesis penelitian. Kemudian, rumusan masalah dan hipotesis penelitian ini
dapat menjadi panduan dalam pengumpulan data dan analisis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada setiap paradigma penelitian minimal terdapat satu rumusan masalah
penelitian, yaitu masalah deskriptif. Uraian berikut ini adalah contoh: Judul
Penelitian, Paradigma, Rumusan Masalah, dan Hipotesis Penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Judul Penelitian.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hubungan gaya kepemimpinan Direktur dengan
prestasi belajar mahasiswa Politeknik A. {Gaya kepemimpinan adalah variabel
bebas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau independent (x), sedangkan,
prestasi belajar adalah variabel terikat atau dependent (y)}.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">b. Paradigma
Penelitian</span></b>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seberapa
baik gaya kepemimpinan Direktur Politeknik A (Bagaimana X ?).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seberapa
baik prestasi belajar mahasiswa Politeknik A ? (Bagaimana Y ?).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adakah
hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara gaya kepemimpinan Direktur dengan
prestasi belajar mahasiswa Politeknik A ? (Adakah hubungan antara X dengan Y
?).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bila
sampel penelitiannya adalah para Dosen dan karyawan, maka rumusan masalah
komparatif adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.25pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adakah perbedaan persepsi antara para
dosen, dan karyawan tentang gaya kepemimpinan Direktur Politeknik A?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.25pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adakah perbedaan persepsi antara para
dosen, dan karyawan tentang prestasi belajar mahasiswa Politeknik A ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumusan Hipotesis Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gaya
kepemimpinan Direktur (X) Politeknik A ditampilkan kurang baik, dan nilainya
paling tinggi 60 % dari kriteria yang diharapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Prestasi
belajar (Y) mahasiswa Politeknik A kurang memuaskan, dan nilainya paling tinggi
65.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terdapat
hubungan yang positip dan signifikan antara gaya kepemimpinan Direktur dengan
prestasi belajar mahasiswa Politeknik A. Artinya, makin baik gaya kepemimpinan
Direktur, maka makin baik prestasi belajar mahasiswa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumusan
hipotesis komparatif adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.25pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terdapat perbedaan persepsi tentang gaya
kepemimpinan Direktur antara para dosen dan karyawan Politeknik A.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.25pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terdapat perbedaan persepsi tentang
prestasi belajar mahasiswa antara para dosen dan karyawan Politeknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk dapat diuji dengan statistik, maka data yang diperoleh harus
diangkakan. Untuk itu, maka diperlukan instrumen yang memiliki skala
pengukuran. Untuk judul di atas, ada dua instrumen yang digunakan yaitu:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Instrumen gaya kepemimpinan, dan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Instrumen prestasi belajar mahasiswa.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Judul penelitian yang berisi dua atau lebih variabel bebas (independent),
rumusan penelitiannya akan lebih banyak, begitu juga rumusan hipotesisnya
(lihat bagian paradigma penelitian dan bab Analisis Data).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Karakteristik Hipotesis Yang Baik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumusan hipotesis yang baik hendaknya memenuhi karakteristik sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Merupakan
dugaan terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>variabel mandiri
(bebas), perbandingan keadaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>variabel
pada berbagai sampel, dan merupakan dugaan tentang hubungan antara dua variabel
atau lebih (Pada umumnya hipotesis deskriptif tidak dirumuskan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dinyatakan
dalam kalimat yang jelas, sehingga tidak menimbulkan berbagai penafsiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dapat diuji dengan data yang dikumpulkan dengan metode
ilmiah.</span>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-44462391689715969472012-11-23T20:12:00.002-08:002012-11-23T20:13:27.286-08:00PERHITUNGAN BEARING CAPACITY DAN PONDASI<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-9796825146238375622012-11-22T23:20:00.000-08:002012-11-23T08:10:35.297-08:00ILMU BAHAN BANGUNAN : BAMBU SEBAGAI TIANG PANCANG<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Pendahuluan </span></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar belakang</span></b>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pembangunan
suatu kontruksi, pertama-tama sekali yang dilaksanakan dan dikerjakan
dilapangan adalah pekerjaan pondasi (struktur bawah) baru kemudian melaksanakan
pekerjaan struktur atas. Pembangunan suatu pondasi sangat besar fungsinya pada
suatu kontruksi. Secara umum pondasi didefinisikan sebagai bahan bangunan bawah
tanah yang meneruskan beban yang berasal dari berat bahan bangunan itu sendiri
dan beban luar yang bekerja pada bangunan ketanah yang disekitarnya.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Struktur
bawah sebagai pondasi juga secara umum dapat dibagi dalam dua jenis yaitu
pondasi dangkal dan pondasi dalam. Pemilihan jenis pondasi ini tergantung
kepada jenis stuktur atas, apakah teermasuk kontruksi beban ringan atau beban
berat dan juga jenis tanahnya. Untuk kontruksi beban ringan dan kondisi
lapiasan tanah permukaan cukup baik, biasanya jenis pondasi dangkal sudah
memadai. Tetapi untuk kontruksi beban berat biasanya jenis pondasi dalam adalah
menjadi pilihan, dan secara umum permasalahan perencanaan pondasi dalam lebih
rumit dari pondasi dangkal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk hal
ini penulis mencoba mengkonsentrasikan makalah ini kepada permasalahan pondasi
dalam, yaitu tiang pancang. Pondasi tiang pancang adalah batang yang relative
panjang dan langsing yang digunakan untuk menyalurkan beban pondasi melewati
lapisan tanah dengan daya dukung rendah lapisan tanah keras yang mempunyai
kapasitas daya dukung tinggi yang relative cukup dalam dibanding pondasi dangkal.
Daya dukung tiang pancang diperoleh dari daya dukung ujung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">end bearing capacity</i>) yang diperoleh
dari tekanan ujung tiang dan daya dukung geser atau selimut (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">friction bearing capacity) </i>yang
diperoleh dari daya dukung gesek atau gaya adhesi antara tiang pancang dan
tanah disekelilingnya.</span><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><a name='more'></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Secara
umum tiang pancang dapat diklasifikasikan antara lain: dari segi bahan adatiang
pancang bertulang, tiang pancang pretekan, tiang pancang baja, dan tiang
pancang kayu.</span><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tiang
pancang berinteraksi dengan tanah untuk menghasilkan daya dukung yang mampu
memikul dan memberikan nkeamanan pada struktur atas. Untuk menghasilkan daya
dukung yang akurat maka diperlukan suatu penyelidikan tanah yang akurat juga.
Ada dua metode yang bisa digunakan dalam penentuan kapasitas daya dukung tiang
pancang yaitu dengan menggunakan metode statis dan metide dinamis.</span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permasalahan</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">bahan yang
menggunakan bambu konstruksi banggunan masih sangat langkah karena orang
menilai penggunaan bambu di anggap tidak aman , tidak modern, dianggap ketinggalan
jaman tetapi ditangan yang tepat penggunaan bambu sangat lah ekonomis dan dapat
bernilai seni yang tinggi sekarang ini penggunaan mulai di kembangkan sebagai
bahan pengganti kayu yang sekarang ini keberadaan kayu di pasaran semakin lama
semakin langka di sebabkan penibangan liar,pembakaran hutan dan
sebagainya,fungsi bambu pun dari tahun ke tahun semakin banyak yang mana dulu
hanya sebagai bahan untuk interior saja tetapi sekarang sudah bisa menjadi
bahan konstruksi yang sangat kokoh dan berharga ekomoni yang tinggi.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Adapun
tujuan dari pembuatan makalah ini adalah :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menjadikan
bambu sebagai bahan pengganti kayu,terutama sebagai bahan tiang pancang.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mengetahui
cara pengawetan bambu untuk tiang pancang.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mengetahui
cara-cara pemancangan menggunakan tiang pancang dari bambu.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mengetahui
keuntungan dan kerugian menggunakan bahan tiang pancang dari bambu.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mengetahui
cara pembuatan tiang pancang dari bambu agar bambu tidak membusuk dalam tanah.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode pengumpulan data</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalan penulisan makalah ini dilakukan
beberapa cara untuk dapat mengumpulkan data yang mendukung agar makalah ini
dapat selesai dengan baik.beberapa cara yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dilakukan antara lain :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengambilan
data lewat internet</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengambilan data yang diperlukan
dengan media internet di akses di warnet-warnet terdekat dan melalui online di
kampus dengan menggunakan sarana hotsport yang telah di sediakan di kampus.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Melakukan
studi ke perpustakaan</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Membaca buku-buku
yang berhubungan dengan masalah yang ditinjau untuk penulisan makalah ini.</span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bambu
sebagai tiang pancang</span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
bambu</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxJSVHHQMynNOwHJ_Pj-oIzutxSbKyqbXrn7EmJ9lo-88DT4i5rsjHIuPOhGqK_xc_UOSXa6XgswW9Jg4t99pPyxkJcuGDYOTVYLZ6tL2XPKK0tXNLyRiE3HORL2k99Kigf5-493E3JSk/s1600/hutan-bambu.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxJSVHHQMynNOwHJ_Pj-oIzutxSbKyqbXrn7EmJ9lo-88DT4i5rsjHIuPOhGqK_xc_UOSXa6XgswW9Jg4t99pPyxkJcuGDYOTVYLZ6tL2XPKK0tXNLyRiE3HORL2k99Kigf5-493E3JSk/s320/hutan-bambu.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bambu tergolong keluarga <i>Gramineae</i>
(rumput-rumputan) disebut juga<i> Hiant Grass</i> (rumput raksasa),berumpun dan
terdiri dari sejumlah batang (buluh) yang tumbuh secara bertahap, dari mulai
rebung, batang muda dan sudah dewasa pada umur 4-5 tahun.Batang bambu berbentuk
silindris, berbuku-buku,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>beruas-ruas
berongga kadang-kadang masif, berdinding keras,pada setiap buku terdapat mata
tunas atau</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="color: black;">cabang. Akar bambu terdiri atas <i>rimpang
(rhizon)</i> berbuku dan beruas,pada buku akan ditumbuhi oleh serabut dan tunas
yang dapat tumbuh menjadi batang</span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari kurang lebih 1.000 species bambu dalam 80 genera, sekitar 200
species dari 20 genera ditemukan di Asia Tenggara (Dransfield dan Widjaja,
1995), sedangkan di Indonesia ditemukan sekitar 60 jenis. Tanaman bambu
Indonesia ditemukan di dataran rendah sampai<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pegunungan
dengan ketinggian sekitar 300 m dpl. Pada umumnya ditemukan ditempat-tempat
terbuka dan daerahnya bebas dari genangan air.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam kehidupan masyarakat pedesaan di Indonesia, bambu memegang peranan
sangat penting. Bahan bambu dikenal oleh masyarakat memiliki sifat-sifat yang
baik untuk dimanfaatkan, antara lain batangnya kuat, ulet, lurus, rata, keras,
mudah dibelah, mudah dibentuk dan mudah dikerjakan serta ringan sehingga mudah
diangkut. Selain itu bambu juga relatif murah dibandingkan dengan bahan
bangunan lain karena banyak ditemukan di sekitar pemukiman pedesaan. Bambu
menjadi tanaman serbaguna bagi masyarakat pedesaan.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bambu dalam bentuk bulat dipakai untuk berbagai macam konstruksi seperti
rumah, gudang, jembatan, tangga, pipa saluran air, tempat air, serta alat-alat rumah
tangga. Dalam bentuk belahan dapat dibuat bilik, dinding atau lantai, reng,
pagar, kerajinan dan sebagainya.Beberapa jenis bambu akhir-akhir ini mulai
banyak digunakan sebagai bahan penghara industri supit, alat ibadah, serta
barang kerajinan, peralatan dapur, topi, tas, kap lampu, alat musik, tirai dan
lain-lain. Sering ditemui barang-barang yang berasal dari bambu yang dikuliti
khususnya dalam keadaan basah mudah diserang oleh jamur biru dan bulukan
sedangkan bambu bulat utuh dalam keadaan kering dapat diserang oleh serangga
bubuk kering dan rayap kayu kering.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tanaman bambu hidup
merumpun, kadang-kadang ditemui berbaris membentuk suatu garis pembatas dari
suatu wilayah desa yang identik dengan batas desa di Jawa. Penduduk desa sering
menanam bambu disekitar rumahnya untuk berbagai keperluan. Bermacam-macam jenis
Bambu bercampur ditanam di pekarangan rumah. Pada umumnya yang sering digunakan
oleh masyarakat di Indonesia adalah bambu tali, bambu petung, bambu andong dan bambu
hitam.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Beberapa kelebihan bambu jika dipergunakan
untuk komponen bangunan:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merupakan
bahan yang dapat diperbarui (3-5 tahun sudah dapat ditebang),</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Murah
harganya serta mudah pengerjaannya karena tidak memerlukan tenaga terdidik,
cukup dengan peralatan sederhana pada kegiatan pembangunan.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mempunyai
kekuatan tarik yang tinggi (beberapa jenis bambu melampaui kuat tarik baja mutu
sedang), ringan, berbentuk pipa beruas sehingga cukup lentur untuk dimanfaatkan
sebagai komponen bangunan rangka,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rumah
dari bambu cukup nyaman ditempati,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Masa
konstruksi cukup singkat sehingga biaya konstruksi menjadi murah.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelemahannya adalah dalam
penggunaannya kadang-kadang menemui beberapa keterbatasan. Sebagai bahan
bangunan, faktor yang sangat mempengaruhi bamboo adalah, sifat fisik bambu
(bulat) yang agak menyulitkan dalam pengerjaannya secara mekanis, variasi
dimensi dan panjang ruas yang tidak seragam serta mudah diserang oleh organisme
perusak seperti bubuk, rayap dan jamur.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Karakter
bambu</span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Anatomi
bambu</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKpMBUHMceg0qI-sNxxaVYN4vahYtPVnvD2LSPXykRfQA7ZohjCf5BfIMi_i2gD_WIdTzmKGjeYjG-J-hG1GWQWTIg7EXt7IV20wdxcFC3-UP85rwpqsJuJ8hri6IAkZiY5BmkkI0cCHA/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKpMBUHMceg0qI-sNxxaVYN4vahYtPVnvD2LSPXykRfQA7ZohjCf5BfIMi_i2gD_WIdTzmKGjeYjG-J-hG1GWQWTIg7EXt7IV20wdxcFC3-UP85rwpqsJuJ8hri6IAkZiY5BmkkI0cCHA/s200/Untitled-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kolom bambu terdiri atas sekitar 50% parenkim, 40%
serat dan 10% sel penghubung (pembuluh dan sieve tubes) Dransfield dan Widjaja
(1995). Parenkim dan sel penghubung lebih banyak ditemukan pada bagian dalam
dari kolom, sedangkan serat lebih banyak ditemukan pada bagian luar. Sedangkan
susunan serat pada ruas penghubung antar buku memiliki kecenderungan bertambah
besar dari bawah ke atas sementara parenkimnya berkurang.</span>
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sifat Fisis dan Mekanis bambu</span></b><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sifat fisis dan mekanis
merupakan informasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>penting<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>guna memberi petunjuk tentang cara
pengerjaan maupun sifat barang yang dihasilkan. Hasil pengujian sifat fisis dan
mekanis bamboo telah diberikan oleh Ginoga (1977) dalam taraf pendahuluan.
Pengujian dilakukan pada bambu apus (<i>Gigantochloa apus </i>Kurz.) dan bambu
hitam (<i>Gigantochloa nigrocillata</i> Kurz.). Beberapa hal yang mempengaruhi
sifat fisis dan mekanis bambu adalah umur, posisi ketinggian, diameter, tebal
daging bambu, posisi beban (pada buku atau ruas), posisi radial dari luas
sampai ke bagian dalam dan kadar air bambu.</span><br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">c. Sifat Kimia bambu</span></b><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-oqxB2rZTnSHgZMBQOB-yzoqmvqe-z_0d6wHWRCfMLVgnCSOkjFW-em0Bps7nBkCjS21wRzB37vWsqCvnbhlKsbwdUtynFRaZLvk2MC3M_oLg09Dy4JU9v5U5giYtSIu2AZrbcLlthmI/s1600/Untitled-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-oqxB2rZTnSHgZMBQOB-yzoqmvqe-z_0d6wHWRCfMLVgnCSOkjFW-em0Bps7nBkCjS21wRzB37vWsqCvnbhlKsbwdUtynFRaZLvk2MC3M_oLg09Dy4JU9v5U5giYtSIu2AZrbcLlthmI/s320/Untitled-2.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Penelitian sifat kimia bambu telah dilakukan oleh
Gusmailina dan Sumadiwangs (1988) meliputi penetapan kadar selulosa, lignin,
pentosan, abu, silika, serta kelarutan dalam air dingin, air panas dan alcohol
benzen. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa kadar selulosa berkisar antara 42,4%
- 53,6%, kadar lignin bambu berkisar antara 19,8% - 26,6%, sedangkan kadar
pentosan 1,24% - 3,77%, kadar abu 1,24% - 3,77%, kadar silika 0,10% - 1,78%,
kadar ektraktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(kelarutan dalam air
dingin) 4,5% - 9,9%, kadar ekstraktif (kelarutan dalam air panas) 5,3% - 11,8%,
kadar ekstraktif (kelarutan dalam alkohol benzene) 0,9% - 6,9%.</span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian tiang pancang</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXpIlhWS7KU0bWb2kkhieaPD4W4iXm4DUiDE3t9Joykkd9MySdjJHkRiWVt9t4_KWLbphkKUeQNg_7sEqxtMKjS-5oWjw1EZcVToDivT__gdSYVu95iXTXBXUik9hFFERDUfEknrSFALo/s1600/Untitled-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXpIlhWS7KU0bWb2kkhieaPD4W4iXm4DUiDE3t9Joykkd9MySdjJHkRiWVt9t4_KWLbphkKUeQNg_7sEqxtMKjS-5oWjw1EZcVToDivT__gdSYVu95iXTXBXUik9hFFERDUfEknrSFALo/s1600/Untitled-3.jpg" /></a></div>
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tiang pancang merupakan turunan dari teknik
tradisional. yaitu;pantek bambu / dolken. Tiang pancang ini diproduksi di pabrik,
dengan berbagai ukuran. Untuk pondasi, tiang pancang ini dimasukkan ke dalam
tanah dengan cara dipukul menggunakan mesin pancang atau ditekan menggunakan
mesin pres, sampai pada kedalaman tanah keras. Beban yang ditanggung, dihitung
dari penampang ujung bawah tiang pancang x daya dukung tanah keras yang
dicapai. Daya dukung sisi tidak dihitung (nol).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pondasi tiang pancang berfungsi meneruskan beban
konstruksi ke lapisan tanah yang memberikan daya dukung memadai. Pondasi tiang
pancang pada tanah lunak yang tidak sampai tanah keras akan mengalami penurunan
akibat pemampatan tanah dasar, karena pada umumnya tanah lunak memiliki sifat
pemampatan yang tinggi. <span class="apple-style-span">Pondasi tiang pancang
dipergunakan pada tanah-tanah lembek, tanah berawa, dengan kondisi daya dukung
tanah (sigma tanah) kecil, kondisi air tanah tinggi dan tanah keras pada posisi
sangat dalam.</span> <span class="apple-style-span">Tiang pancang bentuknya
panjang dan langsing yang menyalurkan beban ke tanah yang lebih dalam. Bahan
utama dari tiang adalah kayu, baja (steel), dan beton. Tiang pancang yang
terbuat dari bahan ini adalah dipukul, di bor atau di dongkrak ke dalam tanah
dan dihubungkan dengan Pile cap (poer). Tergantung juga pada tipe tanah,
material dan karakteistik penyebaran beban tiang pancang di klasifikasikan
berbeda-beda.tujuan dari pondasi tiang adalah :</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
menyalurkan beban pondasi ke tanah keras</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
menahan beban vertical, lateral, dan beban uplift</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur yang menggunakan pondasi tiang pancang apabila
tanah dasar tidak mempunyai kapasitas daya pikul yang memadai. Kalau hasil
pemeriksaan tanah menunjukkan bahwa tanah dangkal tidak stabil & kurang
keras atau apabila besarnya hasil estimasi penurunan tidak dapat diterima
pondasi tiang pancang dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan. Lebih jauh lagi,
estimasi biaya dapat menjadi indicator bahwa pondasi tiang pancang biayanya
lebih murah daripada jenis pondasi yang lain dibandingkan dengan biaya
perbaikan tanah.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kasus konstruksi berat, sepertinya bahwa kapasitas
daya pikul dari tanah dangkal tidak akan memuaskan,dan konstruski seharusnya di
bangun diatas pondasi tiang. Tiang pancang juga digunakan untuk kondisi tanah
yang normal untuk menahan beban horizontal. Tiang pancang merupakan metode yang
tepat untuk pekerjaan diatas air, seperti jetty atau dermaga.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam
tiang fondasi pancang</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiang
Pancang Beton </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiang pancang beton berdasarkan cara
pembuatannya dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cast
in place</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (tiang beton cor ditempat atau fondasi tiang bor) dan</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Precast
pile</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (tiang beton dibuat ditempat lain atau dibuat dipabrik).</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh9tiW1iqw2z9zDvTw-9GwYR7__HqZyLDv-etW0165A9f_PPY38C5q79IPiqRwEirdX2U6b-HdYwwtLh6U6VRSYDWeMGhRL0uK6R171eQ-ybssd0CKx5GD8DU_NA4wjmOXlYzxQzcRjjw/s1600/Untitled-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh9tiW1iqw2z9zDvTw-9GwYR7__HqZyLDv-etW0165A9f_PPY38C5q79IPiqRwEirdX2U6b-HdYwwtLh6U6VRSYDWeMGhRL0uK6R171eQ-ybssd0CKx5GD8DU_NA4wjmOXlYzxQzcRjjw/s320/Untitled-4.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fondasi tiang
pancang dibuat ditempat lain (pabrik, dilokasi)
dan baru dipancang sesuai dengan umur beton setelah 28 hari. Karena
tegangan tarik beton adalah kecil, sedangkan berat sendiri beton adalah besar,
maka tiang pancang beton ini haruslah diberi tulangan yang cukup kuat untuk
menahan momen lentur yang akan timbul pada waktu
pengangkatan dan pemancangan. Pemakaian fondasi
tiang pancang beton </span><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mempunyai
keuntungan dan kerugian antara adalah sebagai berikut ini :</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span>
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keuntungannya
:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena
tiang dibuat di pabrik dan pemeriksaan kualitas ketat, hasilnya lebih dapat
diandalkan. Lebih – lebih karena pemeriksaan dapat dapat dilakukan setiap saat.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosedur
pelaksanaan tidak dipengaruhi oleh air tanah</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daya
dukung dapat diperkirakan berdasarkan rumus tiang pancang sehingga mempermudah
pengawasan pekerjaan konstruksi.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara
penumbukan sangat cocok untuk mempertahankan daya dukung vertikal.</span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerugiannya
:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena
dalam pelaksanaannya menimbulkan getaran dan kegaduhan maka pada daerah yang
berpenduduk padat di kota dan desa, akan menimbulkan masalah disekitarnya.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemancangan
sulit, bila dimeter tiang terlalu besar</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila
panjang tiang pancang kurang, maka untuk melakukan penyambungannya sulit dan memerlukan
alat penyambung khusus.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila
memerlukan pemotongan maka dalam pelaksanaannya akan lebih sulit dan memerlukan
waktu yang lama.</span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode pelaksanaan :</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan
lokasi titik dimana tiang akan dipancang.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengangkatan
tiang.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
kelurusan tiang.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemukulan
tiang dengan palu (<em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">hummer</span></em>)
atau dengan cara hidrolik</span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiang
Pancang Kayu </span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiang pancang dengan bahan material kayu dapat digunakan
sebagai tiang pancang pada suatu dermaga. Persyaratan dari tiang pancang
tongkat kayu tersebut adalah : </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bahan kayu yang dipergunakan harus cukup tua,
berkualitas baik dan tidak cacat, contohnya kayu belian.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semula tiang pancang kayu harus diperiksa
terlebih dahulu sebelum dipancang untuk memastikan bahwa tiang pancang kayu
tersebut memenuhi ketentuan dari bahan dan toleransi yang diijinkan.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua kayu lunak yang digunakan untuk tiang
pancang memerlukan pengawetan, yang harus dilaksanakan sesuai dengan AASHTO
M133 – 86 dengan menggunakan instalasi peresapan bertekanan. Bilamana instalasi
semacam ini tidak tersedia, pengawetan dengan tangki terbuka secara panas dan
dingin, harus digunakan. Beberapa kayu keras dapat digunakan tanpa pengawetan,
tetapi pada umumnya, kebutuhan untuk mengawetkan kayu keras tergantung pada
jenis kayu dan beratnya kondisi pelayanan.</span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepala Tiang Pancang</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum pemancangan, tindakan pencegahan kerusakan pada
kepala tiang pancang harus diambil. Pencegahan ini dapat dilakukan dengan
pemangkasan kepala tiang pancang sampai penampang melintang menjadi bulat dan
tegak lurus terhadap panjangnya dan memasang cincin baja atau besi yang kuat
atau dengan metode lainnya yang lebih efektif.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah pemancangan,
kepala tiang pancang harus dipotong tegak
lurus terhadap panjangnya sampai bagian kayu yang keras dan diberi bahan
pengawet sebelum pur (pile cap) dipasang.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Bilamana tiang pancang kayu lunak membentuk
pondasi struktur permanen dan akan dipotong sampai di bawah permukaan tanah,
maka perhatian khusus harus diberikan untuk memastikan bahwa tiang pancang
tersebut telah dipotong pada atau di bawah permukaan air tanah yang terendah
yang diperkirakan. Bilamana digunakan pur (pile cap) dari beton, kepala
tiang pancang harus tertanam dalam pur dengan ke dalaman yang cukup sehingga
dapat memindahkan gaya. Tebal beton di sekeliling tiang pancang paling sedikit
15 cm dan harus diberi baja tulangan untuk mencegah terjadinya keretakan.</span>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-10786935526144892962012-11-22T21:59:00.003-08:002012-11-23T04:25:07.288-08:00ilmu bahan bangunan : Semen<div class="WordSection1">
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Semen</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen
adalah suatu jenis bahan yang memiliki sifat adhesif dan kohesif yang
memungkinkan melekatnya fragmen-fragmen mineral lain menjadi suatu massa yang
padat. Pengertian ini dapat diterapkan untuk banyak jenis bahan semen yang
biasa digunakan untuk konstruksi beton untuk bangunan. Secara kimia semen
dicampur dengan air untuk dapat membentuk massa yang mengeras, semen semacam
ini disebut semen hidrolis atau sering disebut juga semen portland.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Massa jenis
semen yang diisyaratkan oleh ASTM adalah 3,15 gr/cm3, pada kenyataannya massa
jenis semen yang diproduksi berkisar antara 3,03 gr/cm3 sampai 3,25 gr/cm3.
Variasi ini akan berpengaruh proporsi campuran semen dalam campuran. Pengujian
massa jenis ini dapat dilakukan menggunakan <i>Le Chatelier Flask </i>menurut
standar ASTM C 348-97.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Komposisi Bahan Baku Semen </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Batu
gamping </span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Batu gamping
dengan kadar CaCO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3 </span></sub>antara 80%-85% sangat baik sebagai bahan baku semen
karena lebih mudah dig</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">iling untuk menjadi homogen.Batu gamping sebagai bahan
baku utama semen harus memenuhi syarat kimiawi tertentu : </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. CaO = 49% - 55% </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. Al<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3 </span></sub>+ Fe<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3 </span></sub>= 5% -
12% </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. SiO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>= 1% - 15% </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4. MgO = < 5% </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Faktor
kejenuhan batu gamping yang baik yaitu lebih dari 1,02 dan tidak boleh kurang
dari 0,66. Faktor kejenuhan (Fk) dihitung dengan memakai persamaan sebagai
berikut : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Faktor kejenuhan (Fk) = </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(% CaO) + 0,7 (% SiO2) </span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2,8(%SiO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>)+1,2(%Al<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3</span></sub>)+0,65(%Fe<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3</span></sub>) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Batu
lempung </span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Batu lempung
yang akan dipakai sebagai bahan baku semen sebaiknya mempunyai kadar SiO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>lebih
besar dari 70% dan Al<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3 </span></sub>lebih kecil dari 10%. Kedua unsur
pembentuk batu lempung ini berfungsi sebai <i>bahan pengoreksi</i>. Jika kadar
Fe<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3 </span></sub>dalam
batu lempung lebih kecil dari 10% maka perlu memakai bahan pengoreksi yaitu
berupa <i>pasir besi</i>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gipsum
</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gipsum
(CaSO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">4 </span></sub>2H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O)
dipergunakan sebagai <i>bahan tambahan </i>(<i>additve material</i>) pada
pembuatan semen portland dengan jumlah antara 4%-6%. Fungsi gipsum disini
sebagai <i>redater</i>, yaitu bahan yang dapat mengendalikan waktu pengerasan
semen dan juga untuk menentukan kualitas semen. Komposisi kimia gipsum untuk
bahan baku semen portland disyaratkan sebagai berikut : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. CaO = 30% - 35% </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(sekitar 2/3 dari berat minimum SO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3</span></sub>) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. SO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3 </span></sub>= 40% - 45% </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O = 15% - 25% </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4. Garam Mg dan Na = 0,1 % </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5. Hilang pijar = 9% </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6. Ukuran partikel = 95% (-14 mesh) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pasir
kuarsa </span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam
industri semen pasir kuarsa dipakai sebagai <i>bahan koreksi </i>bersama pasir
besi, pyrite, bauxite, laterit atau kaolin. Komposisi kimia yang disyaratkan
adalah sebagai berikut : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Kadar SiO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>= 95 %
- 99 % </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. Kadar Al<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3 </span></sub>= 3 %
- 4 % </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. Kadar Fe<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3 </span></sub>= 0 %
- 1 % </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pasir
besi </span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pasir besi
termasuk pada bahan korektif bersama pasirkuarsa. Untuk bahan baku semen
portland komposisi pasir besi harus memenuhi kriteria sebagai berikut : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. SiO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>= 30% - 45% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. Fe<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3 </span></sub>= 20% - 35% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. TiO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>= 1% - 3% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4. CaO = 7% - 10% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5. H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O = 0% - 1%</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis
Semen</span></b><br />
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
<b>Semen Abu </b>atau semen <i>Portland </i>adalah bubuk/<i>bulk </i>berwarna
abu kebiru-biruan, dibentuk dari bahan utama batu kapur/gamping berkadar
kalsium tinggi yang diolah dalam tanur yang bersuhu dan bertekanan tinggi Semen
ini biasa digunakan sebagai perekat untuk memplester. Semen ini berdasarkan
prosentase kandungan penyusunannya terdiri dari 5 tipe, yaitu tipe I sampai
tipe V. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
<b>Semen Putih </b><i>(gray cement) </i>adalah semen yang lebih murni dari
semen abu dan digunakan untuk pekerjaan penyelesaian <i>(finishing)</i>,
seperti sebagai <i>filler </i>atau pengisi. Semen jenis ini dibuat dari bahan
utama kalsit <i>(calcite) limestone </i>murni. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
<b>Oil Well Cement </b>atau semen sumur minyak adalah semen khusus yang
digunakan dalam proses pengeboran minyak bumi atau gas alam, baik di darat
maupun di lepas pantai. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
<b>Mixed & Fly Ash Cement </b>adalah campuran semen abu dengan <i>Pozzolan </i>buatan
<i>(fly ash)</i>. <i>Pozzolan </i>buatan <i>(fly ash) </i>merupakan hasil
sampingan dari pembakaran batubara yang mengandung <i>amorphous </i>silica,
aluminium oksida, besi oksida dan oksida lainnya dalam variasi jumlah. Semen
ini digunakan sebagai campuran untuk membuat beton, sehingga menjadi lebih
keras. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis
semen SNI</span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: silver; border: none; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; width: 397.9pt;" width="531"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis
semen</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: silver; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">No.</span></b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNI" title="SNI"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SNI</span></a></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; width: 311.95pt;" width="416"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: white; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SNI 15-0129-2004</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; width: 311.95pt;" width="416"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen portland putih</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SNI 15-0302-2004</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; width: 311.95pt;" width="416"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen portland pozolan /
Portland Pozzolan Cement (PPC)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: white; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SNI 15-2049-2004</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; width: 311.95pt;" width="416"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen portland /
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SNI 15-3500-2004</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; width: 311.95pt;" width="416"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen portland campur</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: white; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SNI 15-3758-2004</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; width: 311.95pt;" width="416"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen masonry</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SNI 15-7064-2004</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; width: 311.95pt;" width="416"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen portland komposit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pabrik Semen Di Indonesia </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan mutu Internasional</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indocement_Tunggal_Prakarsa" title="Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PT.Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa (Semen Tigaroda)</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PT.Semen Baturaja Persero (Semen Baturaja)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PT.Semen Padang (Semen Padang)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen_Gresik" title="Semen Gresik"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PT.Semen Gresik (Semen
Gresik)</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PT.Semen
Bosowa (Semen Bosowa)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PT.Semen
Andalas (Semen Andalas)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PT.Holcim
Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PT.Semen
Tonasa (Semen Tonasa)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PT.Semen Kupang (Semen
Kupang)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
produksi semen</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
pembuatan semen dapat dibedakan menurut : </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
basah </span></i></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
proses basah semua bahan baku yang ada dicampur dengan air, dihancurkan dan
diuapkan kemudian dibakar dengan menggunakan bahan bakar minyak, bakar (<i>bunker
crude oil</i>). Proses ini jarang digunakan karena masalah keterbatasan energi
BBM. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
kering </span></i></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
proses kering digunakan teknik penggilingan dan <i>blending </i>kemudian
dibakar dengan bahan bakar batubara. Proses ini meliputi lima tahap pengelolaan
yaitu : </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Proses pengeringan dan penggilingan bahan baku di <i>rotary dryer </i>dan <i>roller
meal</i>. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Proses pencampuran (<i>homogenizing raw meal</i>) untuk
mendapatkan campuran yang homogen. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Proses pembakaran <i>raw meal </i>untuk
menghasilkan terak (<i>clinker </i>: bahan setengah jadi yang dibutuhkan untuk
pembuatan semen). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Proses pendinginan terak. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.
Proses penggilingan akhir di mana <i>clinker </i>dan <i>gypsum </i>digiling
dengan <i>cement mill</i>. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari proses pembuatan semen di atas akan terjadi
penguapan karena pembakaran dengan suhu mencapai 900 derajat Celcius sehingga
menghasilkan : residu (sisa) yang tak larut, sulfur trioksida, silika yang
larut, besi dan alumunium oksida, oksida besi, kalsium, magnesium, alkali,
fosfor, dan kapur bebas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Secara
singkat, proses dari pembuatan semen ini adalah semua bahan mentah dicampurkan,
bahan-bahan mentah ini harus bebas debu. Debu yang dihasilkan dari bahan mentah
ini akan ditangkap oleh penangkap debu, agar debu-debu tersebut tidak mencemari
udara. Bahan-bahan ditampung. Setelah ditampung, bahan-bahan ini kemudian
dimasukkan ke dalam suspensi preheater. Suspensi preheater ini berfungsi untuk
memanaskan dengan cara menyemprotkan udara panas. Kemudian bahan-bahan
dimasukkan ke dalam rotary kiln (oven besar yang berputar) dan dibakar pada
suhu ± 1400º C sehingga menghasilkan butiran-butiran kecil berwarna hitam yang
disebut <i>clinker </i>(bahan setengah jadi). Clinker kemudian ditampung di
dalam clinker silo. Dari clinker silo kemudian dimasuk ke dalam semen mill.
Semen mill ini adalah suatu tempat dimana terjadi proses pencampuran dengan
gipsum. Setelah dari semen mill, masuk ke dalam semen silo. Tahap akhir dari
proses pembuatan semen ini adalah pengepakan, yang selanjutnya semen akan di
distribusikan ke pasaran.</span><br />
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAMPAK INDUSTRI SEMEN TERHADAP
LINGKUNGAN </span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan bahan baku dan bahan bakar yang digunakan
serta proses produksi, industri semen menyebabkan dampak lingkungan sebagai
berikut : </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lahan </span></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan kualitas kesuburan tanah akibat penambangan
tanah liat. Perubahan tata-guna tanah akibat kegiatan penebangan dan penyerapan
lahan serta pembangunan fasilitas lainnya, menyebabkan penurunan kapasitas air
tanah yang pada akhirnya akan berpengaruh pada kuantitas air sungai di
sekitarnya. Hal ini akan menyebabkan keimbangan lingkungan setempat.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b) air</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas
air menurun akibat limbah cair dari pabrik dalam bentuk minyak dan sisa air
dari kegiatan penambangan. Menimbulkan lahan kritis yang mudah terkena erosi
dan pendangkalan dasar sungai, yang pada akhirnya akan menimbulkan banjir pada
musim hujan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuantitas
air atau debit air menjadi berkurang karena hilangnya vegetasi pada suatu lahan
akan mengakibatkan penyerapan air hujan oleh tanah di tempat itu berkurang,
sehingga persediaan air tanah menipis. Sungai menjadi kering pada musim kemarau
dan banjir pada musim hujan karena tanah tidak mampu lagi menyerap air. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Udara </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Debu
yang dihasilkan pada waktu pengadaan bahan baku dan selama proses pembakaran
dan debu yang dihasilkan selama pengangkutan bahan baku ke pabrik dan bahan
jadi ke luar pabrik, termasuk pengantongannya. Debu yang secara visual terlihat
di kawasan pabrik dalam bentuk kabut dan kepulan debu menimbulkan pencemaran
udara serius. Suhu udara di sekitar pabrik naik. Gas yang dihasilkan oleh
pembakaran bahan bakar minyak bumi dan batu bara, berupa gas CO, CO2, SO2 dan
gas lainnya yang mengandung hidrokarbon dan belerang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: -22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semen
Portland</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengertian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen
portland ialah semen hidrolis yang dihasilkan dengan cara menghaluskan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">klinker</i> yang terdiri dari
silikat-silikat kalsium yang bersifat hidrolis dan gips sebagai bahan
pembantu.Semen portland merupakan bahan ikat yang sangat penting dan banyak
digunakan dalam pembangunan fisik bangunan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fungsi
semen ialah untuk bereaksi dengan air sedangkan pasta semen berfungsi untuk
merekatkan butir-butir agregat agar terjadi suatu massa yang homogen/padat,
selain itu pasta semen juga untuk mengisi ronga-ronga diantara butir-butir
agregat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sejarah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen pertama kali ditemukan di zaman
Kerajaan Romawi, tepatnya di Pozzuoli, dekat teluk Napoli, Italia. Bubuk itu
lantas dinamai <i>pozzuolana</i>. Meski sempat populer di zamannya, nenek
moyang semen <i>made in </i>Napoli ini tak berumur panjang. Menyusul runtuhnya
Kerajaan Romawi, sekitar abad pertengahan (tahun 1100 - 1500 M) resep ramuan <i>pozzuolana
</i>sempat menghilang dari peredaran. Sebelum semen yang kita kenal ditemukan,
adukan perekat pada bangunan di buat dari kapur padam, pozolan dan agregat
(campuran ini sering disebut semen alam).Campuran perekat tersebut tidaklah
terlalu kuat, tapi tergantung pula pada sifat pozolan yang di gunakan sebagai
bahan perekat. Pozolan adalah bahan yang terbentuk oleh debu dari letusan
gunung berapi. Kapur hidrolis pertama kali ditemukan oleh seorang sarjana sipil
yang bernama Jon Smeaton pada tahun 1756. Pada saat itu ia bertugas untuk
merehabilitasi menara api yang terletak di Eddystone. Ia mencoba menggabungkan
kapur padam dan tanah liat. Kemudian campuran itu ia bakar. Setelah mengeras,
bongkahan campuran tersebut di tumbuk hingga menjadi tepung. Yang mana tepung
tesebut dapat digunakan kembali dan dapat mengeras di dalam air. Mulai dari
percobaan inilah sifat-sifat kapur hidrolis mulai di kenal. Namun perkembangan
bahan yang ia temukan masihlah lambat dibandingkan campuran kapur padam biasa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jhon Smeaton</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada tahun 1796
penemuan ini kembali dikembangkan oleh James Parker dari Norhfleed, Inggris. Ia
mengembangkan campuran yang telah ditemukan oleh Jon, perbedaan dari campuran
yang di temukan Jon, batu kapur yang digunakan James sebagai capuran adalah
batu kapur yang mengandung lempung. Sedangkan teknik yang di gunakannya sama
dengan yang di lakukan Jon. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada tahun 1800 produk yang
dikembangkan James berkembang pesat, sehingga produknya di beri nama semen
roman. Namun perkembangan tersebut hanya bertahan hingga tahun 1850. Di Inggris
tukang batu yang bernama Joseph Aspdin dari kota Leeds, mencampurkan kapur
padam dengan tanah liat, kemudian ia bentuk jadi gumpalan. Lalu di bakar dengan
suhu kalsinasi (suhu dimana kapur dapat meleleh) dan setelah itu di tumbuk
hingga menjadi tepung. Ketika bahan campuran tersebut mengeras, warna dari
bahan berubah menjadi abu-abu. Warna tersebut menyerupai bebatuan di wilayah
Portland, maka Joseph memberi nama hasil temuannya sebagai Semen Portland.
Tanggal 21 october 1824, semen Portland Joseph mendapat hak paten dari raja
Inggris. Walau pun demikian ia tetap merahasiakan bahan campuran yang ia
temukan, dan ia tidak memproduksinya secara masal. Setelah ia wafat,
pengembangan dan pemasaran secara masal semen ini di teruskan oleh anaknya yang
bernama William Joseph di Jerman. Tahun 1877 jerman melakukan penilitian lebih lanjut
terhadap semen Portland, hingga membentuk asosiasi pengusaha dan ahli semen. 30
tahun kemudian asosiasi tersebut menyebar hingga ke Inggris dan di Inggris
Standard dari semen dibuat.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Cara
Pembuatan Semen Portland</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen
Portland dibuat dengan melalui beberapa langkah, sehingga sangat halus dan
memiliki sifat adhesive maupun kohesif. Semen diperoleh dengan membakar secara
bersamaan suatu campuran dari Calcereous (yang mengandung kalsium karbonat atau
batu gamping) dan argillaceous (yang mengandung alumina) dengan perbandingan
tertentu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Secara
mudahnya langkah-langkah pembuatannya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kandungan
semen portland berupa kapur, silica dan alumina, sebagai bahan dasar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ketiga
bahan dasar tadi dicampur dan dibakar dengan suhu 1550°C dan menjadi klinker</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kemudian
dikeluarkan, didinginkan dan dihaluskan sampai halus seperti bubuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Biasanya
ditambah gips atau kalsium sulfat (CaSO<sub>4</sub>) kira-kira 2 sampai 4
persen sebagai bahan pengontrol waktu pengikatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kemudian
dimasukkan kedalam kantong dengan berat masing-masing kantong 40 Kg atau 50 Kg
untuk segera dipasarkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: -40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sifat-Sifat
Semen Portland</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">susunan kimia</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 25.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 581px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.05pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">OKSIDA</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PERSEN</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kapur
(CaO)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">60
– 65</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Silika
(SiO<sub>2</sub>)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">17
– 25</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alumina
(Al2O<sub>3</sub>)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3
– 8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Besi
(Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0,5
– 6</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Magnesium
(MgO)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0,5
– 4</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sulfur
(SO<sub>3</sub>)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1
– 2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Soda/Potash
(Ma<sub>2</sub>O + 2O)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: black 1.0pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.85pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0,5
– 1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Walaupun
komplek, namun pada dasarnya dapat disebutkan 4 senyawa yang paling penting
keempat senyawa tersebut ialah : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Trikalsium silikat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (C<sub>3</sub>S) atau 3CaO.SiO<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dikalsium silikat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (C<sub>2</sub>S) atau 2CaO.SiO<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Trikalsium aluminat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (C<sub>3</sub>A) atau 3CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tetrakalsium aluminofert</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (C4AF) atau 4CaO.Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3.</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3.</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">hidrasi
semen</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Proses
Hidrasi berlangsung bilamana semen bersentuhan air dengan arah dari luar ke
dalam, maksudnya hasil hidrasi mengendap dibagian luar dan inti semen yang
belum terhidrasi di bagian dalam secara bertahap terhidrasi sehingga volumenya
mengecil. Proses permulaan Hidrasi tersebut berlangsung lambat, antara 2-5 jam
yang disebut (periode induksi atau aktif) sebelum mengalami percepatan setelah
kulit permukaan pecah. Pada tahap hidrasi berikutnya, pasta semen menjadi gel
(butirannya sangat halus hasil hidrasi, memiliki luas permukaan yang amat
besar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">kekuatan
pasta semen dan jumlah air yang dipakai</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kekuatan
pasta semen yang telah mengeras tergantung pada jumlah air yang dipakai waktu
proses Hidrasi berlangsung. Pada dasarnya jumlah air yang diperlukan oleh
proses hidrasi hanya kira-kira 25 persen dari berat semennya, penambahan jumlah
air akan mengurangi kekuatan setelah mengeras. Akan tetapi, kelebihan air
(pelumas) tersebut juga akan mengakibatkan pasta berpori lebih banyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sifat
fisik semen </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen portland
yang dipakai untuk beton harus mempunyai kualitas tertentu yang telah
ditetapkan agar dapat berfungsi secara efektif, pemeriksaan secara berkala
perlu dilakukan baik yang masih berbentuk bubuk kering maupun pasta semen yang
sudah keras, juga betonnya yang dibuat dari semen tersebut.ada sifat-sifat
semen yang penting, yaitu;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">kehalusan
butiran </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi
antara semen dan air dimulai dari permukaan butir-butir semen, sehingga semakin
luas permukaan butir-butir semen (dari berat semen yang sama) maka makin cepat
proses hidrasinya. Secara umum, semen yang berbutir halus meningkatkan kohesi
beton segar (fresh concrete) dan dapat pula mengurangi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bleeding</i>, akan tetapi menambah kecenderungan beton untuk menyusut
lebih banyak dan mempermudah terjadinya retak susut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Waktu
ikatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen
jika dicampur dengan air membentuk gel yang secara bertahap menjadi kurang plastis,
dan akhirnya menjadi keras. Pada proses ini tahap pertama dicapai ketika pasta
semen cukup kaku untuk menahan suatu tekanan. Waktu untuk mencapai tahap ini
disebut waktu ikatan. Waktu ikatan terbagi 2 yaitu;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Waktu
ikatan awal ialah waktu dari saat pencampuran semen dan air sampai saat
kehilangan sifat keplastisannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Waktu
ikatan akhir ialah waktu mencapai pastanya menjadi masa yang keras.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada
semen portland biasa, waktu ikatan awal tidak boleh kurang dari 60 menit dan
waktu ikatan akhir tidak boleh lebih dari 480 menit (8 jam)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis-Jenis
Semen Portland</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perbedaan
komposisi kimia semen yang dilakukan dengan cara mengubah persentase 4 komponen
utama semen dapat menghasilkan beberapa jenis semen sesuai dengan tujuan
pemakaiannya.Sesuai dengan tujuan pemakaiannya, semen portland di Indonesia
dibagi menjadi 5 jenis, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis
I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Untuk konstruksi pada umumnya, dimana
tidak diminta persyaratan khusus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti yang disyaratkan pada jenis-jenis
sebelumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis
II<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : Unutk konstruksi umumnya terutama
sekali bila disyaratkan agak tahan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap sulfat dan panas hidrasi yang sedang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis
III : Untuk konstruksi-konstruksi yang menuntut persyaratan kekuatan awal
tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis
IV : Unutk konstruksi-konstruksi yang persyaratannya panas hidrasi yang rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis
V : Unutk konstruksi-konstruksi yang menuntut persyaratan sangat tahan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap sulfat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sifat
Pozzolan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menurut
Neville (1998), sifat pozzolan adalah sifat yang dimiliki bahan-bahan yang
mengandung senyawa silika dan alumina. Sebenarnya bahan tersebut tidak memiliki
sifat seperti semen. Namun apabila bahan tersebut digiling hingga halus dan
dicampur dengan klinker di finish mill untuk membentuk semen dan kemudian semen
tersebut bereaksi dengan air maka akan membentuk senyawa CSH dan CAH. Sehingga
bahan pozzolan tersebut akan mempunyai sifat seperti semen. Reaksinya yaitu
senyawa silika dan alumina akan mengikat senyawa Ca(OH)2 untuk membentuk
senyawa CSH dan CAH :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C3S +
H2O ==> CSH dan Ca(OH)2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C2S +
H2O ==> CSH dan Ca(OH)2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ca(OH)2
+ H2O + SiO2 ==> CSH</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ca(OH)2
+ H2O + Al2O3 ==> CAH</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bahan
pozzolan terbagi menjadi 2 yaitu pozzolan alam dan pozzolan buatan. Bahan
pozzolan alam contohnya yaitu trass, sedangkan bahan pozzolan buatan contohnya
yaitu fly ash.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -8.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Persyaratan
Semen Portland</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen
portland standar harus memenuhi persyaratan kimia maupun fisika, hal tersebut
dapat dijabarkan dalam bentuk tabel, seperti:</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PERSYARATAN
KIMIA SEMEN PORTLAND</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 656px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.2pt;" width="263"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">URAIAN</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 294.5pt;" width="393"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">JENIS SEMEN PORTLAND</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.15pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">II</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.6pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">III</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">IV</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.65pt;" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">V</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 175.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 175.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.2pt;" valign="top" width="263"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Magnesium Oksida</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mgo Maks. % Berat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Belerang Trioksida,</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">So<sub>3</sub> Maks.
%Berat:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bila C<sub>3</sub> A 8%</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bila C<sub>3</sub> A 8%</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hilang Pijar Maks. % Berat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bagian Tidak Larut Maks. %Berat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alkali Sebagai Nao<sub>2</sub>, Maks. % Berat *)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Trikalsium Silikat, C<sub>3</sub>s, Maks. % Berat **)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dikalsium Siliat C<sub>2</sub>s, Mn. % Berat **</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tetrakalsium</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Aluminat, C<sub>3</sub>a, Ma. % Berat **)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tetrakalsium Aluminoferit Ditambah 2x Trikalsium Aluminat (C<sub>4</sub>AF
+ 2C<sub>3</sub>AF) atau kadar larutan padat (C<sub>4</sub>AF + C<sub>2</sub>AF),
maks. % berat **)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jumlah Trikalsium Silikat dan Trikalsium Aluminat (C<sub>3</sub>S
+ C<sub>3</sub>A), maks. % berat</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 175.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.15pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 175.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5,0</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3,0</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3,0</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1,5</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0,6</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">58</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 175.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.6pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 175.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>35</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>45</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 175.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.65pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Persyaratan
fisika semen portland</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 656px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.2pt;" width="263"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">URAIAN</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 294.5pt;" width="393"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">JENIS SEMEN PORTLAND</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.15pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">II</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.6pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">III</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">IV</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.65pt;" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">V</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 80.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 80.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.2pt;" valign="top" width="263"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kehalusan sisa diatas ayakan 0,09mm maks. % berat dengan alat
Blaine, luas permukaan tiap satuan berat semen, min m<sup>2</sup>/g</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Waktu pengikatan dengan alat Vicat: *) </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">awal, min. Menit </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">akhir, min. Jam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Waktu pengikatan dengan alat Gillmore: *) </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">awal, min. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menit akhir, min. Jam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kekekalan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemuaian dalam Otoklaf %
maks</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kekuatan tekan, min. Kgf/cm<sup>2</sup> untuk umur uji:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 hari </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 + 2 hari</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 + 6 hari</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 + 27 hari</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengkatan semen (false set) penetrasi akhir, % maks</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Panas Hidrasi, maks. Kal/g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>7hari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>28
hari</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemuaian karena sulfat **) 14 hari, % maks. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 80.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.15pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>280</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>200</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 80.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>280</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>175</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>70</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>80</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 80.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.6pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>280</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>125</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>250</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 80.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>280</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>70</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>175</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>70</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 80.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.65pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>280</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>85</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>150</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>210</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,045</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">*)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bila tidak ditentukan, maka yang
berlaku adalah penentuan memakai alat Vicat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">**)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bila syarat ini diminta, maka syarat C<sub>4</sub>AE
+ C<sub>2</sub>F tidak perlu dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semen
Portland Pozolan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen
portland pozolan adalah suatu semen hidrolis yang terdiri dari campuran yang
homogen antara semen Portland dengan pozolan halus, yang di produksi dengan
menggiling klinker semen portland dan pozolan bersama-sama, atau mencampur
secara merata bubuk semen portland dengan bubuk pozolan, atau gabungan antara
menggiling dan mencampur, dimana kadar pozolan 6 % sampai dengan 40 % massa
semen portland pozolan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pozolan adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">bahan
yang mengandung silika atau senyawanya dan alumina, yang tidak mempunyai sifat<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>mengikat seperti semen, akan tetapi
dalam bentuknya yang halus dan dengan adanya air,<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>senyawa tersebut akan bereaksi secara kimia dengan kalsium
hidroksida pada suhu kamar<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>membentuk
senyawa yang mempunyai sifat seperti semen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis
dan penggunaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis IP-U yaitu semen portland
pozolan yang dapat dipergunakan untuk semua tujuan pembuatan adukan beton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis IP-K yaitu semen portland
pozolan yang dapat dipergunakan untuk semua tujuan pembuatan adukan beton,
semen untuk tahan sulfat sedang dan panas hidrasi sedang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis P-U yaitu semen portland pozolan
yang dapat dipergunakan untuk pembuatan beton dimana tidak disyaratkan kekuatan
awal yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jenis P-K yaitu semen porland pozolan
yang dapat dipergunakan untuk pembuatan beton dimana tidak disyaratkan kekuatan
awal yang tinggi, serta untuk tahan sulfat sedang dan panas hidrasi rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat mutu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Persyaratan kimia dan
fisika semen portland pozolan jenis IP-U dan IP-K harus memenuhi persyaratan
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN7jI7Wq_ssUL8ONI2OkHArXHnZRGwyZVN28O0nY9oau3DdyO2Ic9NrxHqDLvMu8uf5CVO98E0KGcocGOgyE-P9O8P5esqztMR00Ext9ysrLtwJYwU6Mv-unxz3G6BXQXoEFosiW0m5PI/s1600/data4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN7jI7Wq_ssUL8ONI2OkHArXHnZRGwyZVN28O0nY9oau3DdyO2Ic9NrxHqDLvMu8uf5CVO98E0KGcocGOgyE-P9O8P5esqztMR00Ext9ysrLtwJYwU6Mv-unxz3G6BXQXoEFosiW0m5PI/s640/data4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRQTajTdMeplFyjWVaTjhiD9RD-TobBx-VGVeGTE5qdCrXdjYDF7I8KWjkkymrTpBPi2A53lqabC-68lSrQx-Pee4jDmy-5gZHBhZwGHlFtzUQp1xIMolPqA-8Oe9wyZeKimhnozTIg_w/s1600/data+5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRQTajTdMeplFyjWVaTjhiD9RD-TobBx-VGVeGTE5qdCrXdjYDF7I8KWjkkymrTpBPi2A53lqabC-68lSrQx-Pee4jDmy-5gZHBhZwGHlFtzUQp1xIMolPqA-8Oe9wyZeKimhnozTIg_w/s640/data+5.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Syarat kimia dan
fisika semen portland pozolan jenis P-U dan P-K harus memenuhi persyaratan
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirZ1iQTWwXadwMCKapP-05zjWSKfzqjbEoM18pdW2kRHgQqIFt0VkTrMwSfaD_ZgA9_GX61nbh_CZIUpFLhr9wDN_Sqc9u0rw0zA9_pU3uvgWKH6nJzB7hJ_Q-ReW5sCHKp7YJgqcFEZg/s1600/data+6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirZ1iQTWwXadwMCKapP-05zjWSKfzqjbEoM18pdW2kRHgQqIFt0VkTrMwSfaD_ZgA9_GX61nbh_CZIUpFLhr9wDN_Sqc9u0rw0zA9_pU3uvgWKH6nJzB7hJ_Q-ReW5sCHKp7YJgqcFEZg/s640/data+6.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiGMm9v3T9_3b7oyC3Mq5EcRqXNuAOFi56tDr6z_XDWHulSLG4eK_vqDi0BT7udpWQaL4N7gFyq0aJ62ytqpWmn3cL8Ni_zZrYa9PBQGA4WH1XfneWidB1ew7pmwg4-P-6GimneWwzdB8/s1600/data+7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiGMm9v3T9_3b7oyC3Mq5EcRqXNuAOFi56tDr6z_XDWHulSLG4eK_vqDi0BT7udpWQaL4N7gFyq0aJ62ytqpWmn3cL8Ni_zZrYa9PBQGA4WH1XfneWidB1ew7pmwg4-P-6GimneWwzdB8/s640/data+7.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Cara uji</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Uji
kimia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengujian
magnesium oksida, sulfur trioksida dan hilang pijar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Uji
fisika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengujian
kehalusan dengan alat blaine atau turbidimeter, pengikatan dengan jarum vicat,
kekekalan bentuk dengan autoclave, kuat tekan, panas hidrasi dan kandungan
udara mortar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Syarat
lulus uji</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen portland pozolan dinyatakan
tidak lulus uji apabila:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a) Semen gagal memenuhi salah satu
syarat mutu seperti yang dicantumkan pada butir 5.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b) Semen gagal memenuhi salah satu
syarat mutu seperti yang dicantumkan pada butir 5 setelah dilakukan uji ulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c) Kekurangan berat lebih dari 2% dari
berat yang dicantumkan, baik dalam setiap kemasan maupun berat rata-rata dari
setiap kemasan maupun berat rata-rata dari setiap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">pengiriman yang diwakili oleh
penimbangan 50 kemasan yang diambil secara acak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">CATATAN : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Uji ulang dapat dilakukan pada sisa
semen didalam penyimpanan pada silo yang akan dikirim selama periode lebih dari
6 bulan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengemasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen
portland pozolan dapat diperdagangkan dalam bentuk curah maupun kemasan.Apabila
tidak ada ketentuan lain, semen dikemas dalam kantong dengan berat netto 40 kg untuk
setiap kantong. Untuk semen curah, kontainer atau wadah harus kedap air yang
dibuat sedemikian rupa sehingga bagian dalam mudah diperiksa. Kontainer atau
wadah harus dilengkapi dengan alat penyalur untuk mengeluarkan semen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat penandaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada kemasan sekurang-kurangnya
dicantumkan nama:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a) Tulisan ”Semen portland pozolan”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b) Kode dan jenis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c) Merk/tanda dagang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d) Nama perusahaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">e) Berat netto.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk semen portland pozolan curah,
penandaan dicantumkan pada dokumen pengiriman.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan dan transportasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a) Semen ketika disimpan maupun di transportasikan
harus dijaga sedemikian rupa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sehingga mudah untuk dilakukan
inspeksi dan identifikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b) Semen curah disimpan dalam
bangunan/penyimpanan yang kedap terhadap cuaca</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sehingga akan melindungi semen dari
kelembaban dan menghindari terjadinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">penggumpalan semen pada saat
penyimpanan dan transportasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c) Penyimpanan maupun transportasi
semen dalam kantong dilakukan sedemikian rupa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sehingga terhindar dari pengaruh
cuaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semen Pozolan Kapur</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen
prozolan kapur adalah suatu bahan pengikat hidrolis yang dibuat dengan Menggiling
bersama suatu bahan pozolan dengan kapur padam atau yang dibuat dengan mengaduk
secara cermat dan merata suatu bahan pozolan halus dengan kapur padam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kapur pardam : adalah hasil pemadaman
kapur- tohor( kapur tohor adalah kapur tohor yang telah bersenyawa dengan air dan
membentuk suatu hidrat ) .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan penggunaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Semen
pozolan kapur dapat dipakai untuk adukan,plesteran dan beton dengan mutu
setinggi-tingginya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pembuatan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bahan baku</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pozolan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">bahan
pozolan yang dipakai dalam pembuatan semen pozolan kapur dapat berupa bahan
pozolan alam seperti tras atau bahan pozolan buatan seperti semen merah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bahan
pozolan yang dipakai dalam pembuatan semen pozolan kapur harus memenuhi syarat
–syarat peraturan trass dan semen merah Indonesia NI-20</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kapur padam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kapur
padam yang dipakai dalam pembuatan semen pozolan kapur harus memenuhi syarat
–syarat Peraturan kapur sebagai bahan bangunan Indonesia (NI-7)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam
pembuatan semen pozolan kapur dapat ditambahkan bahan-bahan lain sepanjang
tidak mengurangi mutunya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Cara pembuatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Semen pozolan kapur harus dibuat dengan mengiling atau mengaduk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan pozolan halus atau kapur
padam.perbandingan bahan-bahan baku dalam pembuatan semen pozolan kapur
tergantung dari sifat masing-masing bahan bakunya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat
mutu </span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1jOU4pZpmwqiXt2vrCcgFWoGU8nFkuh4TygL3vjYFxJSJtQTsXUbPbeCJAcoAK8lpgTh6C1pm4eyMjiIE0__j5gIOItrz17a_Ev0w6uzFHXn__5ZWHK9D40aDb40xPoExJU0T2VgSmoo/s1600/data+8.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1jOU4pZpmwqiXt2vrCcgFWoGU8nFkuh4TygL3vjYFxJSJtQTsXUbPbeCJAcoAK8lpgTh6C1pm4eyMjiIE0__j5gIOItrz17a_Ev0w6uzFHXn__5ZWHK9D40aDb40xPoExJU0T2VgSmoo/s640/data+8.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara penyimpanan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">semen pozolan kapur harus disimpan atau ditimbun didalam gudang yang
tahan pengaruh cuaca dan terlindungi dari basah yang dapat mengakibatkan
kerusakan mutu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat penandaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jika semen pozolan kapur diperdagangkan dalam bungkusan,pembungkus harus
diberikan tanda-tanda yang jelas,sehingga mudah terlihat oleh setiap
orang,mengenai pabrik yang membuatnya,nama semen pozolan
kapur,keterangan-keterangan tentang penggunaanya serta berat bersih dari isinya
dalam satuan Kg.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-11377375927104420412012-11-22T21:22:00.000-08:002012-11-23T04:14:20.888-08:00lembar kerja : membuat daun jendela<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan umum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekarang
ini daun jendela telah mempunyai banyak macam dan berbagai bentuk ada daun
jendela pinil,daun jendela kaca,daun jendela vinir dan lain-lain ada juga yang
berbentuk persegi panjang,oval,persegi (bujur sangkar ) dan lain-lain,daun
jendela pun telah mengalami banyak fungsi yang semula hanya sebagai ventilasi
udara dan tempat penerangan saja sekarang telah menjadi suatu sudut dan penentu
keindahan rumah tersebut.bentuk daun jendela semakin lama semakin simple dan
praktis dalam pemasangan dan penggunaannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan
akhirnya mahasiswa diharapkan dapat mengerti langkah-langkah pembuatan daun
jendela dan dapat terampil dalam mendesain dan memodifikasi daun jendela supaya
daun jendela tersebut memiliki nilai keindahan dan nilai jual yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
khusus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
khusus dari lembar kerja ini adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar mahasiswa dapat mengetahui dan
mengerti fungsi hubungan-hubungan dan sambungan-sambungan apa saja yang
terdapat dalam daun jendela.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar mahasiswa dapat terampil dalam
mengunakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">mesin-mesin tetap/stasioner,
mesin-mesin fortble maupun alat-alat tangan kerja kayu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melatih kreatifitas mahasiswa agar dapat
mendesain daun jendela yang menarik dan bernilai tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar mahasiswa dapat membuat dan mampu
melaksakan pembuatan daun jendela secara mandiri maupun kelompok dengan hasil
yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanyaan Awal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan kegunaan daun jendela ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja yang harus diperhatikan dalam
pembuatan daun jendela ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan bagian-bagian dari daun jendela
?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana cara merawat daun jendela agar
awet dan tahan lama ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan langkah-langkah merencanakan
daun jendela ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasi
umum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 22.5pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan
daun jendela </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daun
jendela dibuat untuk pemasukan penerangan pada siang hari dan untuk tempat
penukaran udara dan juga sebagai elemen estetika untuk mempercantik suatu
bangunan.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian-bagian
daun jendela</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tiang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiang berfungsi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai tempat pemasangan engsel. Posisi tiang adalah
vertical, umumnya memiliki lobang yang ukurannya 1/3 tebal kayu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ambang
atas / ambang bawah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ambang
atas / ambang bawah adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagian
daun jendela yang posisinya horizontal, memiliki pen dengan ukuran 1/3 tebal
kayu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Verstek</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Verstek
adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dada kayu yang
miring 45°, terdapat pada hubungan antara ambang dengan tiang. Fungsinya
memperkuat kedudukan daun jendela agar tidak miring ( tidak siku)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Spat
pen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spat
pen adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Coakan yang
terdapat pada pen umumnya berukuran ¼ lebar kayu. Spat pen berfungsi agar daun
jendela tidak baling dan memperkuat kedudukan daun jendela.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pengawetan daun jendela Menggunakan cat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Lapisan cat,selain merupakan lapisan penahan lembab
atau penahan perusakan kayu terhadap serangan serangga/cendawan,juga dapat
memberikan keindahan pada bangunan keseluruhannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Perlu diperhatikan,bahwa sebelum melakukan
pengecatan,kayu harus telah kering udara,kayu yang masih basah,kemudian di
cat,menyebabkan terjadinya pembusukan kayu atau pelapukan,karena airnya tak
dapat lagi menguap keluar.biasanya pelaksanaan pengecatan kayu baru sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pengamplasan
muka kayu untuk menghilangkan serabut/serat kayu yang akan lepas,serta sedikit
meratakan mukanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Perataan muka
kayu dengan bahan pelamur.ini untuk meratakan gelombang-gelombang bekas
ketaman.pelamur merupakan bahan dempul yang diencerkan dengan minyak cat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pengisian
lubang-lubang dengan dempul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Setelah pelamur
kering,pengamplasan lagi,agak muka menjadi rata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pengecatan
dengan cat dasar.maksudnya untuk menutup warna kayu pula kayu baru menyerap
cat, dan cat dasar harganya lebih murah dari pada cat berwarna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Setelah
pengamplasan halus baru dimulai pengecatan dengan cat berwarna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Ini merupakan lapisan pertama cat warna.setelah
lapisan pertama kering,dilakukan pengamplasan halus,kemudian pengecatan sekali
lagi untuk memperoleh lapisan cat yang terakhir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Bahan dalam pembuatan daun jendela</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kayu
Meranti</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan yang akan
dipakai adalah kayu meranti jenis kayu ini meliputi 2 macam,ialah meranti putih
yang warna kayunya putih mangkak dan meranti merah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang warna kayunya merah muda agak
abu-abu.kegunaan kayu cukup banyak,tetapi harus disesuaikan dengan berat
ringannya meranti.yang berat digunakan untuk konstuksi ringan yang di lapis
dengan bahan pengawet.dapat juga untuk dibuat prabot rumah tangga dan untuk
bahan vinir dan peti.Berat jenis meranti putih adalah 0,29-0,96,Berat jenis
meranti merah 0,29-1.09.kekuatan termasuk kelas II s/d IV dan keawetannya II
s/d III.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal yang harus diperhatikan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstruksi
daun jendela harus dibuat sedemikian kaku,sehingga nantinya tidak melesak dan
mengalami <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perubahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bentuk seperti jajaran genjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daun
jendela yang memakai bingkai,harus mempunyai ukuran lebar dan tebal yang
sesuia,sehingga tidak mungkin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melentur
di kemudian hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mencegah penyusutan atau pelenturan tersebut,kayu yang digunakan harus
mempunyai mutu yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 13.5pt 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan-ketentuan
yang harus diketahui</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain
jendela sebaiknya disesuaikan dengan fungsi ruang dan furnitur serta konsep
arsitektur hunian.Selain itu posisi jendela harus melihat arah angin dan
datangnya cahaya. Misalnya, untuk rumah modern dengan kaca yang full, sebaiknya
jendela diletakkan di sebelah utara-selatan supaya sinar matahari tidak terlalu
menyengat masuk ke dalam hunian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peletakan
jendela harus disesuaikan dengan fungsi ruang, misalkan ruang keluarga.
Ketinggian jendela dari lantai antara 75-80 cm, sedangkan untuk ruang santai
ketinggiannya bisa lebih rendah lagi, yakni antara 40-50 cm dari lantai. Sebab,
di ruang santai, penghuninya cenderung senang menikmati pemandangan luar rumah
seperti taman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jendela
berukuran lebar lebih sering diaplikasikan pada ruang keluarga atau ruang yang
terhubung dengan beranda. Jumlah dan besarnya tergantung luas bidang. Minimal
30 persen dari bidang. Misalkan bidangnya enam meter, maka area untuk
jendelanya dua meter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Perletakan daun
jendela harus disesuaikan idengan ruangan itu sendiri karena syarat kesehatan
adalah luas jendela adalah 1/6 x luas lantai maka penghuni akan merasa nyaman
tidak akan kekurangan oksigen atau terasa nyaman bila berada didalamnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keselamatan kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hal-hal
yang harus di perhatikan dalam bekerja :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati-hati
dalam mengerjakan tidak boleh ceroboh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">petunjuk
pengerjaan sesuai prosedur yang digariskan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempatkan
alat-alat dan bahan pada tempat yang semestinya dan aman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan
alat sesuai dengan fungsinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pusatkan
perhatian pada pekerjaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan
memaksakan menghubungkan bagian-bagian yang belum sesuai ukurannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Awali
dan akhiri setiap pekerjaan dengan berdo’a agar mendapat perlindungan dari Yang
Maha Kuasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
menghidupkan mesin perhatikan dan kontrol kebenaran putaran mesin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat pemotongan bahan bila ada yang lengkung berikan alas pada rongga
lengkungan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kayu yang akan dipotong agar
saat dipotong tidak bergerak dan menjepit daun gergaji.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat pemotongan kayu panjang harus ada yang membantu memegang kayu agar lebih
aman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila
diperlukan pembelahan bahan untuk menyamakan lebar bahan maka pilihlah sisi
yang paling lurus menempel pada penghantar dan pada meja mesin, bila perlu
diketam terlebih dahulu bidang I dan bidang II dengan mesin ketam perata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
kayu ayang akan diketam dengan mesin ketam penebal dikontrol terlebih dahulu
ukurannya agar pengetaman tidak terlalu tebal atau melebihi kapasitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
penyetelan mesin pada saat pembuatan lis/profil dan pen kayu percobaan yang
digunakan harus yang sesuai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
keselamatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pakaian
kerja berfungsi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">untuk menjaga
kesehatan badan.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kacamata
kerja berfungsi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebagai pelindung
mata agar tidak terkena dari benda benda berbahaya.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutup
kepala ( helm kerja ) berfungsi untuk melindungi kepala dari benda-benda yang
jatuh dari atas kita. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarung
tangan berfungsi untuk melindungi tangan dari serpihan kayu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sepatu
boot (sepatu kerja ) berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">untuk melindungi kaki dari benda benda</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">berbahaya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masker
berfungsi untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">mencegah agar debu
kayu tidak terhirup, karena debu kayu dapat merusak kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan bahan yang diperlukan
dalam pembuatan daun jendela</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peralatan
yang diperlukan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Alat-alat
tangan kerja kayu yang dibutuhkan untuk pembuatan kusen dan daun jendela antara
lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
Lukis:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pensil/Krespen,Meteran/Rol
Meter,Perusut,Siku-Siku dan Jangka</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gergaji
kayu tangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gergaji potong,Gergaji belah dan Gergaji
punggung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketam
tangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketam panjang,Ketam pendek,Ketam
penghalus dan Ketam sponing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pahat
tangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pahat lubang dan Pahat tusuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Palu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Palu Kayu dan Palu Besi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bor:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bor engkol,Bor dada,Bor tongkat dan Bor
pistol/Bor tangan listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klem:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klem F dan Ragum/penjepit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mesin-mesin fortable yang digunakan untuk pengerjaan
kusen dan daun jendela antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesin gergaji
tangan listrik,Mesin Ketam tangan listrik,Mesin Pelubang segi empat dapat
dijinjing,Mesin Router/Trimer tangan listrik,Mesin Bor tangan listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 31.5pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mesin-mesin stasioner yang digunakan untuk pengerjaan
kusen dan daun jendela antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesin Gergaji
Bundar Berlengan,Mesin Gergaji Bundar Bermeja,Mesin Ketam Perata,Mesin Ketam
Penebal,Mesin Pelubang Segi Empat,Mesin Pelubang Rantai,Mesin Bor Horizontal,Mesin
Bor Vertikal,Mesin Shaper/Mesin Pembentuk/Mesin Profil,Mesin Gergaji Pita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan
yang diperlukan</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel Bahan Kayu Yang Diperlukan Dalam Ukuran Bersih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -3.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 678px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama Kayu / Wood Name</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.6pt;" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.4pt;" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ukuran Asli</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ukuran Setelah Diketam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meranti merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.6pt;" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 potong</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.4pt;" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(
4 x 9 x 55 ) cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(3
x 8 x 50) cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ambang atas dan Ambang bawah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meranti merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.6pt;" width="78">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 potong</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.4pt;" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">( 4 x 9 x 160 ) cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(7
x 12 x 150) cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" width="156">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tiang vertikal kanan, kiri dan tengah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">siapkan bahan bahan daun
jendela,selanjutnya menggambar diatas permukaan kayu. Perhatikan tanda pareng,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">yang digambarkan pada bagian lebar kayu. Perhatikan juga </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">verstek,pembagian
krepyak,spat pen dan ukuran lubang yan ukurannya 1/3 tebal kayu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lubangi tiang kusen mempergunakan mesin
bor vertical. Perhatikan lubang sp</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t
pen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buat pen/purus mempergunakan mesin purus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah pekerjaan tersebut selesai,buat
coakan untuk pasangan krepyak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
pada tiang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dengan kemiringan 45º mempergunakan mesin gergaji
budar berlengan atau pahat & gergaji potong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Verstek ambang mapun tiang mempergunakan
mesin gergaji bundar berlengan, bisa juga mempergunakan pahat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah selanjutnya membuat alur untuk
penempatan kaca dan panil mempergunakan mesin shaper atau mesin rotter
portable, perhatikan agar alur tidak melewati garis hingga mengenai coakan
untuk pasangan krepyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Coak papan krapyak mempergunakan gergaji
potong,dimall pada tiang daun jendela. Perhatikan kemiringan sudut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bevel satu sisi papan krepyak
mempergunakan mesin shaper dengan kemirinngan 45º.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setel rangka daun jendela,perhatikan
kerepatan,kesikuan,kedataran. Agar daun jendela tidak baling.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah tersetel pasang kaca dan panil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Matikan daun jendela mempergunakan
dowell,bor telebih dahulu mempergunakan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">mesin </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bor portable. Sebelum dipasang, lem terlebih dahulu
menggunakan lem kayu ( lem fox putih).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amplas daun jendela yang terlihat tidak
rata,dan amplas juga papan krepyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasang papan krepyak yang diperkuat
mempergunakan lem kayu. Bersihkan bekas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bekas
lem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah daun jendela selesai rapikan
tempat dan alat kerja.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanyaan Akhir</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan apa yang harus di pakai pada
saat bekerja ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan
hal-hal apa saja yang harus diperhatikan dalam berkerja ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat apa saja yang diperlukan saat
bekerja ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan alat-alat apa saja yang
digunakan pada saat pembuatan daun jendela ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan bahan-bahan apa saja yang
digunakn pada saat pembuatan daun jendela ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan kayu jenis apa yang digunakan
dalam pembuatan daun jendela ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berapa
ukuran kayu yang digunakan dalam proses pembuatan daun jendela ?</span></div>
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-4275380234940869352012-11-22T20:21:00.004-08:002012-11-23T18:09:28.928-08:00lembar kerja : membuat kusen jendela<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Tujuan umum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
jaman sekarang ini kayu masih menjadi bahan baku yang masih banyak digunakan
sebagai bahan untuk konstruksi bangunan,mebel,perlengkapan alat-alat rumah
tangga dan lain-lain,salah satu contohnya adalah kusen.kusen adalah tempat
untuk menggantungkan daun pintu maupun daun jendela atau untuk mendapatkan
hubungan yang baik dan kokoh antara pintu atau jendela dengan dinding yang ada di
sekelilingnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
perkembangannya kusen telah banyak mengalami perubahan bentuk seiring dengan
permintaan konsumen dan perkembangan jaman yang semakin maju.kusen pun kini
menjadi lebih simple dan praktis dalam penggunaannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan
akhirnya mahasiswa diharapkan dapat mengerti langkah-langkah pembuatan kusen
dan dapat terampil dalam mendesain dan memodifikasi kusen agar suatu bangunan menjadi
indah dan menarik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan khusus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
khusus dari lembar kerja ini adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar mahasiswa dapat mengetahui dan
mengerti fungsi hubungan-hubungan dan sambungan-sambungan apa saja yang
terdapat dalam kusen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar mahasiswa dapat terampil dalam
mengunakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">mesin-mesin tetap/stasioner,
mesin-mesin fortable maupun alat-alat tangan kerja kayu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melatih kreatifitas mahasiswa agar dapat
mendesain kusen yang menarik dan bernilai tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar mahasiswa dapat membuat dan mampu
melaksakan pembuatan kusen secara mandiri maupun kelompok dengan hasil yang
baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanyaan Awal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
kegunaan kusen ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
saja yang harus diperhatikan dalam pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kusen ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan
bagian-bagian dari kusen ?</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
cara merawat kusen agar awet dan tahan lama ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
cara mengawetkan kayu menggunakan cat ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
langkah-langkah merencanakan kusen ?</span> </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
g. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Bahan
apa yang dipakai dalam pembuatan kusen ?</span><br />
<br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasi umum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan kusen </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kusen
dibuat untuk menggantungkan daun pintu maupun daun jendela atau untuk
mendapatkan hubungan yang baik dan kokoh antara pintu atau jendela dengan
dinding yang ada di sekelilingnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian-bagian kusen</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ambang
atas kusen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berada
pada bagian atas kusen yang posisinya horizontal. Biasanya memiliki lobang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dengan ukuran 1/3 lebar kayu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,kupingan,seponing
plesteran. Dapat juga dimodofikasi. Umumnya tidak memiliki seponing kapur karena
dapat mengakibatkan kayu menjadi lapuk karena seponing kapur merupakan kantung
yang dapat menampung air,sehingga memperlemah kekuatan ambang atas. Usahakan
lobang pada ambang atas tidak tembus agar tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menjadi kantong air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ambang bawah kusen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">terdapat
pada bagian bawah kusen yang posisinya horizontal. Bagiannya sama seperti
ambang atas kalebihannya memiliki seponing kapur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiang kusen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terdapat pada bagian samping yang posisinya vertical.
Tiang umumnya tidak memiliki pen, jika ada tambahan ambang tengah tiang kusen
diberi lobang sebagai tempat pemasangan ambang tengah kusen. Bagian-bagian yang
terdapat pada tiang kusen antara lain : Seponing kapur pada bagian tiang yang
berhadapan dengan dinding,seponing jendela pada bagian tiang yang berhadapan dengan
daun jendela, seponing plesteran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ambang
tengah dan ambang lengkung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Biasanya dipergunakan untuk memodifikasi kusen agar
terlihat lebih indah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seponing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Seponing adalah Lekukan /takikan memanjang ukuran 1x3 ; 1x 3,5 ; 1x4 dsb
pada kusen atau ranga daun yang digunakan untuk menggantung daun pintu, jendela
ataupun daun Ventilasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Seponing
kapur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Seponing kapur adalah Sponing/lekukan tepi kusen
ukuran 1x1 yang akan menempel pada diding/tembok.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terdapat pada tiang dan ambang yang berhadapan dengan
dinding yang fungsinya untuk memperkuat kedudukan kusen pada tembok, karena
seponing kapur merupakan kantung spesi.</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Seponing
plesteran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fungsinya agar lapis plester mendapat hubungan yang lebih
baik dengan kosennya. Bila pintu menutup dengan keras getaran yang ditimbulkannya
tidak mengakibatkan terlepasnya lapis plester.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Seponing
jendela</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fungsi dari seponing jendela adalah sebagai tempat
menggantungkan daun jendela dan tempat pemasangan engsel.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Angker
pada tiang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Biasanya mempergunakan besi ditekuk yang dipasang pada
tiang kusen yang berhadapan pada dinding. Fungsinya adalah memperkuat kedudukan
kusen pada tembok.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Agar kedudukan
kosen jendela lebih kokoh dalam tembok kusen tersebut diberi angkur dari besi
diameter 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, panjang bagianyang lurus 15 cm, 20 cm dan 25 cm
dan bagian yang dibengkokokan 5 cm – 6 cm.</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kusen jendela paling sedikit diberi 2 buah angkur pada
tiap tiangnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 18.0pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -67.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Alur kapur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Alur kapur adalah Alur yang berbentuk/berpenampang
segitiga atau segi empat yang dibuat pada bagian tengah belakang tiang kusen
yang akan menempel diding, kurang lebih 70% tinggi tiang kusen dan dibuat tidak
tembus (alur buntu)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Profilan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Sisa Batang Kusen bagian paling atas dan bagian paling
bawah yang dikurangi kelebarannya dan dibuat takikan agar dapat dipasang
kedalam dengan kokoh.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fungsinya
memperindah penampilan kusen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kuping-Kuping/Telinga kusen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kuping-Kuping/Telinga kusen adalah Sisa Batang Kusen
bagian paling atas dan bagian paling bawah yang dikurangi kelebarannya dan
dibuat takikan agar dapat dipasang kedalam dengan kokoh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Bahan dalam pembuatan kusen</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kayu
Meranti</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan yang akan
dipakai adalah kayu meranti jenis kayu ini meliputi 2 macam,ialah meranti putih
yang warna kayunya putih mangkak dan meranti merah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang warna kayunya merah muda agak
abu-abu.kegunaan kayu cukup banyak,tetapi harus disesuaikan dengan berat ringannya
meranti.yang berat digunakan untuk konstuksi ringan yang di lapis dengan bahan
pengawet.dapat juga untuk dibuat prabot rumah tangga dan untuk bahan vinir dan
peti.Berat jenis meranti putih adalah 0,29-0,96,Berat jenis meranti merah
0,29-1.09.kekuatan termasuk kelas II s/d IV dan keawetannya II s/d III.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pengawetan kusen </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mengunakan Meni</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Permukaan kayu yang menempel pada tembok antara lain
bagian belakang kosen-kosen,bagian-bagian gelegar kayu menumpang pada tembok
dan lain-lain,diberikan lapisan meni,untuk menahan masuknya lembab yang berasal
dari tembok pengolesan meni sebiknya 2x.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Terdapat 2 macam meni,meni yang bahan asalnya
oxid-timbel ( Pb</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">4 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">dan PbO ) dan oxid-besi ( Fe</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">) yang
dicampur dengan minyak cat (dari biji rami).bahan-bahan tersebut diatas atau
yang sudah dicampur dengan bermacam-macam merk,dapat dibeli ditoko-toko
besi.dalam perdagangan biasa disebut meni-timbel yang biasanya juga disebut
“lood-menie” dan meni besi atau “ijzermenie” ( bahasa belanda ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Menggunakan cat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Lapisan cat,selain merupakan lapisan penahan lembab
atau penahan perusakan kayu terhadap serangan serangga/cendawan,juga dapat
memberikan keindahan pada bangunan keseluruhannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Perlu diperhatikan,bahwa sebelum melakukan
pengecatan,kayu harus telah kering udara,kayu yang masih basah,kemudian di
cat,menyebabkan terjadinya pembusukan kayu atau pelapukan,karena airnya tak
dapat lagi menguap keluar.biasanya pelaksanaan pengecatan kayu baru sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pengamplasan muka kayu untuk menghilangkan
serabut/serat kayu yang akan lepas,serta sedikit meratakan mukanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Perataan muka kayu dengan bahan pelamur.ini untuk
meratakan gelombang-gelombang bekas ketaman.pelamur merupakan bahan dempul yang
diencerkan dengan minyak cat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pengisian lubang-lubang dengan dempul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Setelah pelamur kering,pengamplasan lagi,agak muka
menjadi rata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pengecatan dengan cat dasar.maksudnya untuk menutup
warna kayu pula kayu baru menyerap cat, dan cat dasar harganya lebih murah dari
pada cat berwarna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Setelah pengamplasan halus baru dimulai pengecatan
dengan cat berwarna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Ini merupakan lapisan pertama cat warna.setelah lapisan
pertama kering,dilakukan pengamplasan halus,kemudian pengecatan sekali lagi
untuk memperoleh lapisan cat yang terakhir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal yang harus diperhatikan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstruksi
untuk pembuatan kusen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga dibuat
sedemikian kaku,sehingga di kemudian hari tidak mengalami pelenturan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila
kusen mengalami perubahan bentuk, maka akan mengakibatkan jendela susah untuk
ditutup dan dibuka dengan baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
pemasangan kusen jangan sekali-sekali ada celah antara,pada pertemuan dinding
dan kusen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mencegah penyusutan atau pelenturan tersebut,kayu yang digunakan harus
mempunyai mutu yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 13.5pt 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan-ketentuan
yang harus diketahui</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 40.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Luas
Kusen Pintu Jendela dan Ventilasi minimal 1/40 luas ruangan yang akan dipasang
Kusen Pintu Jendela dan Ventilasi.misalnya lua ruangan ukuran 250 x 300 cm =
75000 cm,ruangan ini memerlukan penerangan/sirkulasi udara 1/40 atau 2,5% luar
ruangan ini atau 1875 cm (25 x 75 cm) dan bila dibuat lebih luas tent akan
lebih nyaman.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Rencana ukuran lebar dan
tinggi untuk pembuatan kusen jendela disesuaikan dengan berbagai altenatif
pertimbangan antara lain ; pada ruang apa kusen itu akan dipasang ( ruang tamu,
ruang keluarga, ruang makan, kamar tidur, kamar mandi dan wc, garasi dan
lain-lain).Ukuran kusen juga menyangkut masalah dimensi bahan untuk masing–masing
komponen.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Ukuran
lubang kusen jendela untuk rumah tinggal berkisar :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Ruang tamu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: tinggi 150 cm s/d 170 cm, lebar 60 cm s/d
70 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kamar tidur <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: tinggi 100 cm s/d 130 cm, lebar 60 cm s/d
70 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kamar mandi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: berupa ventilasi atau boven light</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Gudang <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: berupa ventilasi atau boven light</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Garasi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: berupa ventilasi atau boven light</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Dapur <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: tinggi 100 cm s/d 120 cm, lebar
60 cm s/d 70 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keselamatan kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hal-hal
yang harus di perhatikan dalam bekerja :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati-hati
dalam mengerjakan tidak boleh ceroboh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">petunjuk
pengerjaan sesuai prosedur yang digariskan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempatkan
alat-alat dan bahan pada tempat yang semestinya dan aman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan
alat sesuai dengan fungsinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pusatkan
perhatian pada pekerjaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan
memaksakan menghubungkan bagian-bagian yang belum sesuai ukurannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Awali
dan akhiri setiap pekerjaan dengan berdo’a agar mendapat perlindungan dari Yang
Maha Kuasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
menghidupkan mesin perhatikan dan kontrol kebenaran putaran mesin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat pemotongan bahan bila ada yang lengkung berikan alas pada rongga
lengkungan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kayu yang akan dipotong agar
saat dipotong tidak bergerak dan menjepit daun gergaji.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat pemotongan kayu panjang harus ada yang membantu memegang kayu agar lebih
aman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila
diperlukan pembelahan bahan untuk menyamakan lebar bahan maka pilihlah sisi
yang paling lurus menempel pada penghantar dan pada meja mesin, bila perlu
diketam terlebih dahulu bidang I dan bidang II dengan mesin ketam perata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
kayu ayang akan diketam dengan mesin ketam penebal dikontrol terlebih dahulu
ukurannya agar pengetaman tidak terlalu tebal atau melebihi kapasitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat pembuatan sponing tidak tembus berilah tanda dengan tepat untuk
pelaksanaan pembuatan sponing yang tepat dan baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
penyetelan mesin pada saat pembuatan sponing, alur,lis/profil dan pen kayu
percobaan yang digunakan harus yang sesuai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
pemotongan miring pada saat pembuatan kuping-kuping ujung kayu yang harus
menumpu pada penghantar dengan stabil apabila pemotongan/pengirisan menggunakan
mesin gergaji bundar berlengan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
keselamatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pakaian kerja berfungsi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">untuk menjaga kesehatan badan.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kacamata kerja berfungsi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebagai pelindung mata agar tidak terkena dari benda
benda berbahaya.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutup kepala ( helm kerja ) berfungsi
untuk melindungi kepala dari benda-benda yang jatuh dari atas kita. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarung tangan berfungsi untuk melindungi
tangan dari serpihan kayu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sepatu boot (sepatu kerja ) berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">untuk melindungi kaki dari benda benda</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">berbahaya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masker berfungsi untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">mencegah agar debu kayu tidak terhirup, karena debu kayu
dapat merusak kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pelindung Telinga berfungsi melidungi dari kebisingan
mesin yang ada pada sekitar kita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan bahan yang diperlukan
dalam pembuatan kusen</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peralatan
yang diperlukan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Alat-alat
tangan kerja kayu yang dibutuhkan untuk pembuatan kusen dan daun jendela antara
lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
Lukis:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pensil/Krespen,Meteran/Rol
Meter,Perusut,Siku-Siku dan Jangka</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gergaji
kayu tangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gergaji potong,Gergaji belah dan Gergaji
punggung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketam
tangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketam panjang,Ketam pendek,Ketam
penghalus dan Ketam sponing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pahat
tangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pahat lubang dan Pahat tusuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Palu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Palu Kayu dan Palu Besi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bor:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bor engkol,Bor dada,Bor tongkat dan Bor
pistol/Bor tangan listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klem:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klem F dan Ragum/penjepit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mesin-mesin fortable yang digunakan untuk pengerjaan
kusen dan daun jendela antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesin gergaji
tangan listrik,Mesin Ketam tangan listrik,Mesin Pelubang segi empat dapat
dijinjing,Mesin Router/Trimer tangan listrik,Mesin Bor tangan listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 31.5pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mesin-mesin stasioner yang digunakan untuk pengerjaan
kusen dan daun jendela antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesin Gergaji
Bundar Berlengan,Mesin Gergaji Bundar Bermeja,Mesin Ketam Perata,Mesin Ketam
Penebal,Mesin Pelubang Segi Empat,Mesin Pelubang Rantai,Mesin Bor Horizontal,Mesin
Bor Vertikal,Mesin Shaper/Mesin Pembentuk/Mesin Profil,Mesin Gergaji Pita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan
yang diperlukan</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel Bahan Kayu Yang Diperlukan Dalam Ukuran Bersih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -3.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 678px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama Kayu / Wood Name</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.6pt;" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.4pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ukuran Asli</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ukuran Setelah Diketam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meranti merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.6pt;" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 potong</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.4pt;" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(
8 x 13 x 100 ) cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(7
x 12 x 80) cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ambang atas dan Ambang bawah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meranti merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.6pt;" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 potong</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.4pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">( 8 x 13 x 170 ) cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(7
x 12 x 160) cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tiang vertikal kanan, kiri dan tengah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mempelajari modul secara cermat lengkap dengan gambar
kerjanya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Membuat daftar potongan bahan dengan cermat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Menyiapkan alat-alat yang diperlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Menyiapkan bahan-bahan yang diperlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Memotong bahan menggunakan mesin gergaji bundar
berlengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Membelah bahan menggunakan mesin gergaji bundar
bermeja bila diperlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mengetam bidang I dan II menggunakan mesin ketam
perata</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mengetam bidang III dan IV menggunakan mesin ketam
penebal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mengatur penempatan posisi bahan kayu dan memberi
tanda pareng</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Melukis gambar kerja sesuai gambar kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Membuat lubang pada ambang tegak dan ambang atas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Membuat pen pada ambang tengah dan bagian atas ambang
tegak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Membuata sponing pada ambang tengah dan sisi dalam
ambang tegak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Membuat profil semua sisi/sudut kayu yang tidak
disponing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Membuat takikan pada ambang tegak bagian
atas/Ventilasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">p.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Membuat sponing kapur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">q.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Membuat alur kapur pada batang ambang tegak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">r.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Membuat kuping-kuping</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">s.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Membuat krepyak datar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">t.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Memeriksakan/menilaikan pekerjaan kepada
guru/Instruktur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -121.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanyaan Akhir</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan apa yang harus di pakai pada
saat bekerja ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan hal-hal apa saja yang harus
diperhatikan dalam berkerja ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenapa sarung tangan diperlukan pada
saat bekerja ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan alat-alat apa saja yang
digunakn pada saat pembuatan kusen ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan bahan-bahan apa saja yang
digunakan pada saat pembuatan kusen ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan kayu jenis apa yang digunakan
dalam pembuatan kusen ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -97.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berapa ukuran kayu yang digunakan dalm
proses pembuatan daun jendela ?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></b>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-50253776626588215762012-11-22T20:03:00.001-08:002012-11-23T04:20:35.947-08:00lembar kerja membuat kuda-kuda setengah bentang<div class="WordSection1">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tujuan umum</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mahasiswa diharapkan dapat mengidentifikasi
dan memahami macam-macam konstruksi kuda-kuda, bagian kuda-kuda dan dapat
merencanakan pekerjaan kuda-kuda untuk menunjang pelaksanaan bangunan gedung di
lapangan dengan hasil yang baik dan konstruksi yang benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tujuan
khusus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mahasiswa dapat
menghitung kebutuhan bahan untuk pembuatan kuda-kuda kayu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">mahasiswa
dapat melukis gambar kerja dari kuda-kuda kayu dan bermacam-macam sambungan
kuda-kuda kayu yang digunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">mahasiswa
dapat membuat hubungan dan sambungan pada kuda-kuda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mahasiswa
dapat Membuat konstruksi kuda-kuda kayu sesuai dengan gambar perencanaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mahasiwa dapat
memasang balok blandar,balok sokong,balok gording,balok nook,kasau/usuk,dan
reng pada konsruksi rangka atap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mahasiswa
dapat menggunakan peralatan kayu sesuai dengan jenis dan fungsinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanyaan Awal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">entang
kuda-kuda diukur dari mana sampai mana?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Apa maksud
sambungan antara tiang penggantung dengan balok tarik diberi toleransi 2 cm?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Bagaimana cara
menentukan secara teliti panjang kaki kuda-kuda itu?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Ada berapa
macam bentuk dada takikan sambungan antara kaki kuda-kuda dengan batang tarik?
Sebutkan!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pada setiap
sambungan kuda-kuda sebaiknya diperkuat dengan menggunakan apa?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Untuk
kuda-kuda kayu dengan bentang yang cukup besar jumlah tiang penggantungnya
seringkali lebih dari satu buah. Sambungan tiang penggantung dengan balok tarik
yang manakah yang harus diberi toleransi jarak 2 cm?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Begel kalung
yang dipasang pada sambungan batang tarik dengan batang penggantung, perlukah
begel kalung tersebut dibaut pada batang tariknya?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Apa akibatnya
bila pertemuan antara kaki kuda-kuda dengan batang tarik disambung dengan
konstruksi sambungan tarik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Berapa sudut
kemiringan minimal kuda-kuda yang disarankan apabila menggunakan penutup atap
dari bahan genting , mengapa demikian?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Komponen-komponen
pada kuda-kuda kayu akan makin banyak/lengkap apabila bentang kuda-kuda kayu
makin lebar. Apa yang menyebabkan demikian?</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasi umum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengertian kuda-kuda </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kuda-kuda
adalah susunan rangka batang yang berfungsi untuk mendukung beban atap termasuk
juga beratnya sendiri dan sekaligus dapat memberikan bentuk pada atapnya.</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kuda-kuda
kayu digunakan sebagai pendukung atap dengan bentang maksimal sekitar 12m.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bagian-bagian
kuda-kuda</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bagian-bagian
dari kuda-kuda adalah balok tarik</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (balok paling bawah dari kuda-kuda),Kaki kuda-kuda (balok
diagonal dalam),tiang gantung (balok vertical di tengak),Balok sokong (balok
diagonal di tengah),Gording (balok melintang di atas kaki kuda-kuda),balok
blandar (balok di atas tembok),kasau/Usuk (balok melintang di nook,gording,murplat),Reng
(balok meyilang di atas kasau/usuk)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Bahan dalam pembuatan kuda-kuda</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kayu Merbau</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bahan yang akan dipakai adalah kayu merbau yang punya
tingkat keawetan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I </b>,tingkat kekuatan
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I </b>,tingkat pemakaian <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I </b>dan berat jenisnya 0,9-1,0.warnanya
kelabu sawo,jika telah lama dipakai akan berubah menjadi hitam-sawo,kayu agak
keras, kejelekannya bila berhubungan dengan besi akan mudah berkarat karena
banyak mengandung kadar asam,tahan terhadap rayap dan kembang susutnya kecil.baik
digunakan untuk konstruksi-konstruksi yang terlindung serta perabotan rumah
tangga dan baik untuk di pelitur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hal yang harus diperhatikan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kuda-kuda diletakkan di atas dua tembok
selaku tumpuannya dan usahakan tembok tidak menerima gaya horizontal maupun
momen, karena tembok hanya mampu menerima beban vertikal saja.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Jarak kuda-kuda satu dengan yang lain
biasanya direncanakan antara 3 sampai 4 meter dari sumbu ke sumbu. Untuk
mendapatkan kuda-kuda yang kuat, diperlukan sambungan dengan alat sambung dan
perkuatan yang tepat. Jenis alat sambung yang sering digunakan antara lain,
adalah: baut, paku, dan pasak. Untuk menahan beban gempa, setiap titik buhul
perlu diperkuat dengan plat beugel, yang berukuran tebal plat minimal 4 mm dan
lebarnya 40 mm. Alat sambung yang digunakan berupa mur dan baut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada
pembuatan kuda-kuda, hubungan kaki kuda-kuda dengan balok tarik, menggunakan
sambungan lubang dan pen yang dilengkapi dengan gigi. Ukuran pen dan lubang
ditentukan 1/3 tebal kayu, sedangkan dalamnya gigi adalah 1/6 - 1/8 lebar kayu.
Sisi atas dari tiang penggantung dimiringkan juga ke kiri dan ke kanan sesuai
dengan kemiringan atapnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dasar
ukuran konstruksi kuda-kuda</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada
dasarnya ukuran untuk konstruksi kuda-kuda bergantung pada Lebar Bentang ( </span><span style="font-family: "Brush Script Std"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">l </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">),
yaitu jarak dari sumbu tembok ke sumbu tembok yang lain, Besarnya beban dan
tegangan yang akan dipikul dan Jenis (kelas kuat) kayu yang digunakan.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keselamatan kerja</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">hal-hal
yang harus di perhatikan dalam bekerja :</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hati-hati
dalam mengerjakan tidak boleh ceroboh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">petunjuk
pengerjaan sesuai prosedur yang digariskan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tempatkan
alat-alat dan bahan pada tempat yang semestinya dan aman.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gunakan
alat sesuai dengan fungsinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pastikan
semua peralatan dalam kondisi siap pakai <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gunakan
pengaman saat menggunakan peralatan mesin </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada
waktu mengukur kayu, lakukan dengan cermat dan teliti </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gunakan
bahan-bahan kayu yang tidak cacat atau tidak melengkung dan baling. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada
saat melubang atau membuat takikan gunakanlah pahat lubang dan palu kayu
sebagai pemukulnya. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Setiap mengangkat balok kayu jangan
ragu-ragu agar tidak meleset.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pusatkan perhatian pada pekerjaan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Awali dan akhiri setiap pekerjaan
dengan berdo’a agar mendapat perlindungan dari Yang Maha Kuasa.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alat
keselamatan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alat keselamatan kerja yang digunakan
adalah Pakaian kerja,Kacamata kerja,Penutup kepala ( helm kerja ),Sarung tangan,Sepatu
boot (sepatu karet bergerigi ) ,dan Masker.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 0cm 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Alat
dan bahan yang diperlukan dalam pembuatan kusen</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Peralatan
yang diperlukan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">peralatan
yang digunakan untuk membuat kuda-kuda adalah :</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection2">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Siku
biasa,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Siku
rangka,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Siku
yang dapat distel,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pensil,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perusut,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">gergaji
potong,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gergaji
belah,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pahat
tusuk,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Palu
kayu,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Martil,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sipatan
lurus,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Unting-unting,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mesin
ketam perata,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mesin
ketam penebal,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">dan
Mesin gergaji potong. </span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Cutting
dan costing list</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;">Nama
= kuda-kuda bentangan 250 cm</span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -53.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1152; width: 762px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.55pt;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 25.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">No</span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama
komponen</span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 115.65pt;" width="154">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ukuran (M)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" width="192">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jumlah</span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jumlah</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Volume</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(M³)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ket.</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bahan</span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Harga
satuan (M³)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jumlah
harga</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.6pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">T</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">L</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">P</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">M¹</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">M²</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">M³</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.6pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pc</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.1pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Balok tarik</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.08</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.06</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.80</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.01344</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.01344</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merbau</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rp.12.000.000,00</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kaki
kuda-kuda</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.08</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.06</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.70</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.01296</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.01296</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merbau</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tiang
gantung</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.08</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.06</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.40</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.00672</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.00672</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merbau</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 32.45pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Balok
sokong</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.08</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.06</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.30</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.00624</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.00624</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merbau</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Balok
blandar </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.08</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.06</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4.00*</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.0192</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.0192</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merbau</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.45pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gording</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.08</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.06</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4.00*</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.0192</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.0192</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merbau</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">7</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Balok<span> </span>nook</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.08</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.06</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4.00*</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.0192</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.0192</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mebau</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kasau
/<span> </span>usuk</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.04</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.06</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3.95</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.00948</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.00948</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merbau</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 28.2pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">9</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Klos</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.08</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.06</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.25</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.0012</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.0012</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merbau</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.75pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">10</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Papan
lisplank</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.03</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.25</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4.00*</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.03</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.03</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merbau</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26.2pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">11</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Plat Begel</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.002</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.04</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.50*)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.00004</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.0002</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Besi</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.3pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">12</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lem kayu</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.001</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.5*)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.0005</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lem</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.3pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 28.4pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">13</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Baut</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.12</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.001</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1*)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.00012</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Besi</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 28.1pt;">
<td style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">14</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Paku</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.125</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.001</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2*)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.00025</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Besi</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="5" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 27.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" width="270">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">JUMLAH</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.45pt;" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.5pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.55pt;" width="71">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.5pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.14068</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36pt;" width="48">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">18*)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0.13871</span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.55pt;" width="139">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">* <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= menyesuaikan dengan ukuran panjang bangunan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*) = menyesuaikan dengan kebutuhan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Cimahi,28 desember 2010</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perencana Teknis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Zulfahmi</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>KB 102038</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 288.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 326.05pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah
kerja </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">membuat
sambungan kaki kuda-kuda dengan balok sokong ( detail B )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">buatlah daftar
kebutuhan bahan yang lengkap.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menyiapkan alat-alat yang diperlukan
hingga siap pakai (tajam dan tidak dalam kondisi rusak)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menyiapkan bahan yang diperlukan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mengetam keempat sisi kayu (muka I,
II, III, dan IV) hingga rata, halus, lurus, dan siku antara muka yang satu
dengan lainnya. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Memotong kayu sesuai gambar kerja.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Melukis bentuk sambungan kaki
kuda-kuda dengan balok sokong sesuai gambar kerja. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Memberi tanda dengan jelas (misalnya
dengan cara diarsir) bagian-bagian kayu yang akan dihilangkan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Membuat pen (purus) sesuai dengan
gambar kerja dengan menggunakan gergaji potong, gergaji belah, dan pahat tusuk
sampai hasilnya baik (rata, siku, dan tegak lurus mengikuti bentuk lukisan).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Membuat lubangnya dengan menggunakan
pahat lubang mengikuti garis kerja dengan kedalaman setengah tinggi kayu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Membuat takikan pada kaki kuda-kuda
menggunakan gergaji potong, gergaji belah, dan dirapikan memakai pahat tusuk
dan pahat lubang.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mencoba memasang konstruksi sambungan
kaki kuda-kuda dengan balok sokong, dan perhatikan secara seksama bagian-bagian
mana saja yang masih perlu dibenahi agar menjadi bentuk sambungan yang rata
(tidak baling) dan rapat.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Membenahi kekurangan-kekurangan yang
ada hingga sambungannya benar-benar rata (tidak baling) dan rapat.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Memasang kembali sambungan antara kaki
kuda-kuda dengan balok sokong tersebut.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Meratakan sambungan menggunakan ketam
halus.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pasangkan begel dan bautlah untuk
memperkuat sambungan antara balok kaki kuda-kuda dengan balok sokong.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Setelah selesai rapikan tempat kerja dan alat kerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Memasang gording</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menyiapkan alat-alat yang diperlukan
hingga siap pakai (tajam dan tidak dalam kondisi rusak)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menyiapkan
bahan yang diperlukan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mengetam
keempat sisi kayu (muka I, II, III, dan IV) hingga rata, halus, lurus, dan siku
antara muka yang satu dengan lainnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Buatlah klos ( tupai – tupai ) 6/8 panjang 25 cm.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pasang dan
pakukan tupai-tupai di atas kaki kuda-kuda tepatnya dipertengahan dari panjang
balok tekan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Tumpangkan
gording di atas tupai-tupai yang telah dipaku di atas kaki kuda-kuda tadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Setelah selesai rapikan tempat
kerja dan alat kerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanyaan Akhir</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Sebutkan
bagian-bagian dari konsruksi kuda !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Apa fungsi
dari tupai-tupai pada konstruksi kuda-kuda ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Sambungan
macam apa yang dipakai untuk balok tarik pada konsruksi kuda-kuda ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Menurut anda,
tumpuan kuda-kuda paling baik adalah pada : a).Kolom, b). Dinding, c). Ringbalk.
Jelaskan ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Bagaimanakah
cara menentukan posisi/letak kuda-kuda pada suatu rangka atap?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Berapakah
jarak kuda-kuda kayu yang disarankan ? Jelaskan ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Apa fungsi
utama dari perkuatan begel plat dan baut yang ada pada sambungan kuda-kuda kayu
?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Dimanakah
posisi perletakan gording yang paling tepat pada kuda-kuda, mengapa demikian?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembar
kunci Jawaban</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: -4.5pt 0cm 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kunci
jawaban pertanyaan awal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">As tiang
sampai as tiang yang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Agar gaya yang
bekerja pada tiang penggantung tidak menekan batang tarik kuda-kuda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Dengan cara
dimaal jarak antara batang dengan tiang penggantung yang telah dipasang saling
tegak lurus sebelumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Tiga macam,
yaitu: 1) tegak lurus dengan batang tarik, 2) tegak lurus dengan kaki
kuda-kuda, dan 3) membagi sudut luar antara kaki kuda-kuda dengan batang tarik
mengadi 2 bagian yang sama besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Nagel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Tiang
penggantung bagian tengah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Tidak perlu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mudah lepas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Sudut
kemiringan kuda-kuda identik dengan sudut kemiringan atap. Untuk atap dengan
penutup atap genting, maka sudut kemiringan minimal kuda-kuda yang dianjurkan
adalah 30 derajat. Dengan kemiringan tersebut dimaksudkan supaya tidak terjadi
tampias air hujan yang masuk dari antara sela-sela susunan atap genting yang
dapat masuk ke dalam ruangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Pada
prinsipnya susunan struktur kuda-kuda kayu harus benar-benar kuat, stabil dan
relatuif kaku. Hal ini dapat tercipta dari 2 hal, yaitu a). bentuk susunan
strukturnya (frame work), dan b). dimensi bahan yang membentuk struktur
tersebut. Dengan demikian makin besar bentang suatu kuda-kuda dengan dimensi bahan
yang relatif sama, akan membutuhkan susunan struktur (frame work) yang lebih
lengkap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: -7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kunci jawaban pertanyaan akhir</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Balok tarik,
kaki kuda-kuda, ander dan skoor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Untuk
mengganjal kedudukan gording agar terpenuhi ketinggain dan gording tidak
terguling.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Sambungan kait
miring ( bibir miring berkait )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Tumpuan
Kuda-kuda yang paling tepat adalah diatas posisi kolom, karena gaya/beban rangka
atap yang disangga kuda-kudaakan langsung disalurkan melalui kolom ke pondasi,
dengan demikian struktur akan lebih kuat dan stabil. Apabila kuda-kuda terletak
diatas ringbalk, maka perlu dilakukan perkuatan tambahan pada ringbalk tersebut
guna menahan beban dari kuda-kuda untuk disalurkan ke kolom.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Dengan cara dipelajari
lebih dulu denah atau struktur yang ada dibawahnya. Posisi-posisi kolom
pertemuan dinding sangat efektif untuk posisi tumpuan kuda-kuda, karena akan
menghemat dimensi ring balok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Jarak
kuda-kuda kayu yang efektif dan dianjurkan berkisar antara 3,00 sd. 4,00 m. Hal
ini terkait dengan keterbatasan bentang gording kayu yang tergantung dari
dimensinya. Misalnya untuk gording kayu dengan dimensi 8/10 sd. 8/12 mempunyai
bentang efektif 3,00 sd. 3,50 m, sedangkan gording dengan dimensi 8/15 mempunyai
bentang efektif sampai dengan 4,00 m.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Fungsi
perkuatan begel plat dan baut pada sambungan kuda-kuda adalah untuk menambah
kekuatan dan kestabilan sambungan pada bagian tersebut. Jenis begel yang
digunakan untuk perkuatan sambungan kayu kuda-kuda ada 3 macam, yaitu: a).
begel kalung (leter O) untuk perkuatan sambungan kaki kudakuda dengan blandar,
b). begel U untuk perkuatan sambungan ander dengan blandar, dan c). begel plat
strip untuk perkuatan sambungan kayu sebidang, misalnya antara kaki kuda-kuda dengan
ander.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Posisi gording
pada kuda-kuda yang paling tepat adalah pada posisi titik buhul antara kaki
kuda-kuda dengan kayu penopangnya. Dengan demikian kemungkinan lendutan kayu kaki
kuda-kuda akibat adanya beban gording akan diantisipasi oleh balok penopangnya.</span></div>
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-74874591573878872322012-11-21T22:06:00.000-08:002012-11-23T04:28:31.549-08:00teori metode penelitian 2<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PROSES
PENELITIAN KUANTITATIF</span></b></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sugiyono (2011)
mengidentifikasikan bahwa alur proses penelitian kuantitatif yang lazim
digunakan adalah seperti gambar 2.1 berikut:</span>
</div>
<br />
<div align="justify" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
2.1. Langkah-langkah penelitian kuantitatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber:
Sugiyono (2011), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metode Penelitian
Kombinasi (Mixed Methods)</i>, Bandung: Penerbit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alfabeta CV, Cetakan ke -1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari
gambar 2.1 tersebut, Sugiyono menjelaskan hal-hal sebagai berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setiap
penelitian selalu berangkat dari masalah atau potensi. Dalam penelitian
kuantitatif, masalah itu harus sudah jelas dan ditunjukkan dengan data yang
valid. Setelah masalah tersebut diidentifikasikan dan dibatasi, selanjutnya
masalah itu dirumuskan. Rumusan masalah pada umumnya dinyatakan dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kalimat pertanyaan. </i>Dengan pertanyaan
ini maka akan dapat memandu peneliti untuk kegiatan penelitian selanjutnya.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
rumusan masalah tersebut, maka peneliti menggunakan berbagai teori untuk menjelaskan
dan menjawabnya. Jadi teori dalam penelitian kuantitatif ini digunakan untuk
menjawab rumusan masalah penelitian itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jawaban
terhadap rumusan masalah yang baru menggunakan teori tersebut dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis,</i> maka hipotesis dapat
diartikan sebagai jawaban sementara terhadap rumusan masalah penelitian.
Hipotesis, yang masih merupakan jawaban sementara tersebut, perlu dibuktikan
kebenarannya secara empiris berdasarkan data dari lapangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk
itu peneliti melakukan pengumpulan data. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada
populasi tertentu yang telah ditetapkan oleh peneliti. Bila populasi terlalu
luas, sedangkan peneliti memiliki keterbatasan waktu, dana dan tenaga, maka
dapat menggunakan sampel yang diambil dari populasi tersebut. Jika peneliti
bermaksud membuat generalisasi, maka sampel yang diambil harus representative dengan
tingkat kesalahan tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meneliti
adalah mencari data yang akurat. Untuk itu peneliti perlu menggunakan instrumen
penelitian. Dalam ilmu – ilmu alam, teknik, dan ilmu-ilmu empiric lainnya,
instrument itu sudah tersedia seperti: thermometer, timbangan, meteran. Tetapi,
dalam penelitian social, instrument itu harus dibuat dan diuji validitas serta
realibilitasnya. Untuk itu, sebelum instrument digunakan maka harus diuji
validitas dan reliabilitasnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setelah
instrument teruji validitas dan reliabilitasnya, maka dapat digunakan untuk
mengukur variable yang telah ditentukan untuk diteliti. Instrumen untuk
pengumpulan data dapat berbentuk tes dan non tes. Untuk instrument yang
berbentuk nontes, dapat menggunakan: kuisioner, pedoman observasi, dan wawancara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Data
yang telah terkumpul selanjutnya dianalisis. Analisis diarahkan untuk menjawab
rumusan masalah dan hipotesis yang diajukan. Dalam penelitian kuantitatif,
analisis data menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">statistic</i>.
Statistik yang digunakan dapat berupa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">statistic
deskriptif</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">statistic inferensial</i>
atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">induktif. </i>Statistik inferensial dapat
berupa statistic parametris dan statistic non parametris. Peneliti menggunakan
statistic inferensial bila penelitian dilakukan pada sample yang diambil secara
random.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Data
hasil analisis selanjutnya disajikan dan diberikan pembahasan. Penyajian data
dapat menggunakan: table, table distribusi frekwensi, grafik lurus, grafik
batang, piechart dan pictogram. Pembahasan terhadap hasil penelitian merupakan
penjelasan yang rasional dan mendalam serta interprestasi terhadap data – data
yang telah disajikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setelah
hasil penelitian diberikan pembahasan, selanjutnya dapat disimpulkan.
Kesimpulan berisi jawaban singkat terhadap setiap rumusan masalah berdasarkan
data yang telah terkumpul. Jadi kalau rumusan masalah ada lima, maka
kesimpulannya juga ada lima. Peneliti melakukan penelitian bertujuan untuk
memecahkan masalah, oleh karena itu maka peneliti berkewajiban untuk memberikan
saran – saran. Melalui saran – saran tersebut diharapkan masalah dapat
dipecahkan. Saran yang diberikan harus berdasarkan kesimpulan hasil penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apabila
hipotesis penelitian yang diajukan tidak terbukti, maka perlu dicek apakah ada
yang salah dalam penggunaan teori, instrumen, pengumpulan data, analisis data,
atau rumusan masalah yang diajukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KONSEP
DALAM PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada
tiga konsep yang harus dikuasai peneliti dan calon peneliti sebelum melakukan
penelitian. Konsep tersebut adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peneliti
harus menguasai substansi bidang yang akan diteliti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Jika seorang
ingin meneliti tentang penyakit “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">diare</i>”,
berarti orang tersebut harus memahami banyak hal tentang penyakit diare. Jika
tidak, maka dapat dipastikan yang bersangkutan akan banyak mengalami kesulitan
dalam mengidentifikasi variable-variabel yang akan diteliti atau diukur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peneliti
harus menguasai metodologi penelitian. Maksudnya peneliti harus memahami metode
apa yang digunakan dalam penelitiannya. Cara atau tehnik apa yang digunakan
dalam penelitiannya. Siapa yang akan diteliti? Pemahaman ini dapat dipelajari
dengan membaca buku – buku tentang metode penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seorang
peneliti harus menguasai “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">teknik
pengolahan data</i>”. Ini berarti bahwa peneliti harus memahami bagaimana cara
mengolah data hasil penelitian, baik data “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kuantitatif</i>”
maupun data “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kualitatif</i>”. Pemahaman
ini dapat dilakukan dengan membaca buku tentang “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">statistic</i>” untuk penelitian “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kuantitatif</i>”
dan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebelum
melakukan penelitian, disarankan agar peneliti melakukan “studi pendahuluan”,
dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh informasi yang berhubungan dengan bidang yang
akan diteliti. Dengan studi pendahuluan ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dapat diketahui apakah masalah yang timbul tersebut perlu dilanjutkan
dengan penelitian apa tidak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MASALAH</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sugiyono (2011),
Riyanto (2011) dan Istijanto (x) sependapat bahwa suatu penelitian dilakukan
dalam rangka memecahkan suatu masalah. Emory (dalam Sugiyono,2011) bahkan
mempertajam pendapat tersebut. Dia mengatakan bahwa penelitian yang dimaksud
adalah “penelitian murni” dan “penelitian terapan”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selanjutnya
perlu dipahami apa yang dimaksud dengan “masalah” dalam suatu penelitian. Untuk
itu Sugiyono, Riyanto dan Istijanto sepakat bahwa masalah adalah kesenjangan
(gap) antara sesuatu yang seharusnya dan apa yang benar – benar terjadi, antara
teori (Standar Operasional Prosedur) dengan apa yang terjadi atau faktanya,
antara aturan dan pelaksanaan, antara rencana dengan pelaksanaan. Atau kalau
menggunakan istilah asing, masalah adalah kesenjangan antara “das sallen”
dengan “das sein”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Contoh
kasus 1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada Politeknik A
jumlah pegawai telah disesuaikan dengan jumlah mahasiswa yang baru diterima ditambah
mahasiswa lama sehingga mereka diharapkan dapat melayani mahasiswa dengan baik
sesuai <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standar / aturan yang ada.
Tetapi, di lingkungan mahasiswa masih ada klaim yang menyatakan mereka belum
puas dengan pelayanan yang dilakukan oleh para pegawai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kasus
ini dapat kita rinci sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Harapan
(seharusnya)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Mahasiswa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>puas dengan pelayanan yang diberikan oleh
pegawai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Politeknik karena jumlah pegawai sudah
sebanding dengan jum-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lah mahasiswa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kenyataannya
(fakta)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Mahasiswa Politeknik
A masih protes, karena merasa belum di-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>layani dengan baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sehingga
masalah dapat ditulis singkat sebagai berikut: “Mahasiswa Politeknik A belum puas
dengan pelayanan yang diberikan oleh para pegawai lembaga pendidikan tersebut”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Di
depan disampaikan bahwa penelitian itu dilakukan karena ada masalah. Namun,
Riyanto (2011) berpesan bahwa tidak semua masalah yang ditemukan harus
dilakukan penelitian. Masalah yang tidak perlu diteliti (lanjutnya) adalah
masalah yang sudah pasti alternative pemecahannya. Berikut ini diberikan
ilustrasinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Contoh
kasus 2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Di
ruang rawat inap pada sebuah rumah sakit X bertugas dua orang perawat yang
menangani 20 orang pasien. Berdasarkan hasil survey banyak pasien yang mengeluh
dan kurang puas terhadap pelayanan oleh kedua perawat tersebut. Hal seperti ini
tidak perlu dilakukan penelitian, karena tanpa penelitianpun sudah dapat diduga
bahwa keluhan para pasien tersebut disebabkan kekurangan tenaga perawat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebagai
pendalaman dari pendapat tentang masalah yang tersebut diatas, Istijanto (2010)
memperingatkan, bahwa kita harus berhati-hati dalam menentukan “masalah”.
Akibat ketidakte-patan penentuan masalah (lanjutnya) akan berakibat fatal,
yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penentuan
desain penelitian yang tidak tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengambilan
sampel yang salah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengumpulan
data yang tidak relevan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Akhirnya,
berdampak pada hasil penelitian yang tidak berguna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hal-hal
yang disebutkan diatas merupakan bukti “betapa pentingnya” penentuan masalah
itu, karena komponen atau factor yang melandasi masalah sangat bervariasi dan
komplek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
menentukan masalah ini, tambah Istiyanto, orang sering terkecoh pada “gejala
yang tampak” daripada “masalahnya” sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tingkat
ketidakhadiran para karyawan tinggi, contohnya, sering melakukan demo, mogok
kerja dan keluhan yang selalu meningkat adalah merupakan hal-hal yang
disampaikan oleh para manajer perusahaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sebagai suatu “masalah”. Padahal kondisi-kondisi yang disebutkan ini
hanyalah “gejala yang merupakan dampak / hasil dari masalah yang sebenarnya”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SYARAT
– SYARAT MASALAH PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agar
supaya suatu masalah dapat diangkat menjadi “suatu masalah penelitian” maka
harus memenuhi syarat sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masih
baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertimbangan dalam memilih masalah dalam suatu
penelitian adalah: (1) masalah tersebut masih baru dan berkembang di
masyarakat, (2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belum pernah diungkap
oleh peneliti lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menarik
dan actual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masalah tersebut benar-benar terjadi di masyarakat,
menjadi masalah masyarakat dan bukan menjadi masalah peneliti. Untuk memastikan
apakah masalah tersebut actual, disarankan agar peneliti datang ke lapangan dan
berkomunikasi langsung dengan tokoh-tokoh masyarakat setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Praktis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penelitian supaya dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan
tenaga, dana, dan waktu yang dimiliki. Banyak hal yang dapat dilakukan agar
penelitian lebih praktis yaitu misalnya dengan memodifikasi jumlah sampel,
desain penelitian, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memadai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masalah yang dibahas dalam penelitian hendaknya
dibatasi ruang lingkupnya, jangan terlalu luas, dan jangan terlalu sempit.
Pembatasan ruang lingkup ini harus disesuaikan dengan kemampuan tenaga, dana,
dan waktu yang tersedia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Etis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suatu penelitian hendaknya dilakukan tidak
bertentangan dengan “etika”. Oleh karena itu sebelum melakukan penelitian,
peneliti sebaiknya meminta persetujuan dari responden atau orang yang akan
diteliti dan lebih baik lagi jika peneliti meminta persetujuan dari komisi
etika medis setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IDENTIFIKASI
MASALAH PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di
depan diuraikan bahwa sebelum penelitian dimulai maka harus dilakukan studi
pendahuluan lebih dahulu. Melalui studi pendahululuan ini peneliti memperoleh
unsur-unsur:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Informasi
lapangan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kenyataan yang ada di lapangan kadang-kadang tidak
sesuai dengan teori, hal ini hanya dapat diketahui jika peneliti berada di
lapangan. Selain itu peneliti juga dapat memperoleh informasi mengenai masalah
dari observasi langsung, wawancara, pengumpulan data kesehatan pada instansi
kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh: data kejadian penyakit dari Puskemas, dinas
kesehatan dan departemen kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kepustakaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peneliti harus mengikuti publikasi ilmiah yang
terbaru. Banyak artikel yang menyebutkan bahwa suatu masalah kesehatan hingga
saat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini belum ditemukan pemecahannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahan
diskusi, seminar, symposium, lokakarya dan sebagainya. Sering pada seminar
dibahas tentang masalah yang lagi actual. Hasil seminar tersebut dapat
dikembangkan menjadi masalah penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendapat
para pakar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada pendapat para pakar yang masih bersifat
menduga-duga sehingga dapat dicari landasan teorinya untuk dikembangkan menjadi
masalah penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber
Non Ilmiah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">antara <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sugiyono (2008) mengatakan bahwa sumber
masalah dapat terjadi antara lain pada hal – hal berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Datang
perubahan yang tidak diinginkan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat
penyimpangan antara apa yang telah direncanakan dengan kenyataan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada
pengaduan dari pihak – pihak tertentu,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada
kompetisi antara pihak tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RUMUSAN
MASALAH</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumusan masalah berbeda
dengan masalah. Kalau masalah itu merupakan kesenjangan antara yang diharapkan
dengan yang terjadi, maka <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rumusan masalah</i>
itu merupakan suatu pertanyaan yang akan dicari jawabannya melalui pengumpulan
data. Namun demikian, terdapat kaitan yang erat antara masalah dengan rumusan
masalah, karena setiap rumusan masalah penelitian harus didasarkan pada masalah
yang ada.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sugiyono (2011)
menyatakan bahwa bentuk rumusan masalah penelitian itu dikembangkan berdasarkan
tingkat eksplanasi (level of explanation). Bentuk masalah tersebut, lanjutnya, dapat
dikelompokan kedalam bentuk masalah: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deskriptif</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">komparatif</i> ,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asosiatif</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">komparatif asosiatif</i> (lihat gambar 2.2).</span>
<br />
<div align="justify" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZYOYpuD5v-fac_nrrWSYeFb9C21wS_GCi67Am6jaGa9icwyUSIPeI_MFqwFBWyneZvDpLC46m8c0rjvNZ0Wn54rjfrYmUAw2pl082YQUFpsAgkiYCbRy8_FvVc7yR2zzjV9HUVSBV8oY/s1600/metode+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZYOYpuD5v-fac_nrrWSYeFb9C21wS_GCi67Am6jaGa9icwyUSIPeI_MFqwFBWyneZvDpLC46m8c0rjvNZ0Wn54rjfrYmUAw2pl082YQUFpsAgkiYCbRy8_FvVc7yR2zzjV9HUVSBV8oY/s320/metode+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber: Sugiyono
(2011), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metode Penelitian Kombinasi
(Mixed Methods),</i> Bandung: Penerbit Alfabeta </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CV, Cetakan ke 1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan masalah deskriptif.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumusan masalah
deskriptif adalah suatu rumusan masalah yang berkenaan dengan pertanyaan
terhadap keberadaan variabel mandiri (independent), baik satu variabel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maupun lebih. Jadi dalam penelitian ini,
peneliti tidak membandingkan variabel itu dengan variabel lain. Penelitian ini
dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">penelitian deskriptif</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seberapa baik <u>kinerja</u>
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimanakah
sikap masyarakat terhadap perguruan tinggi negeri Berbadan Hukum ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seberapa tinggi
tingkat kepuasan mahasiswa terhadap pelayanan Politeknik ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan Masalah Komparatif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumusan masalah
komparatif adalah rumusan masalah penelitian yang membandingkan keberadaan satu
variabel atau lebih pada dua atau lebih sampel yang berbeda, atau pada waktu
yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adakah perbedaan
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prestasi belajar</i> antara murid dari
sekolah negeri dan swasta ? (Variabel penelitian adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prestasi belajar</i> pada dua sampel, yaitu sekolah negeri dan swasta).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adakah perbedaan
disiplin kerja guru antara sekolah di Kota dan di Desa ? (satu variabel dua
sampel).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adakah perbedaan
motivasi belajar dan hasil belajar antara murid yang berasal dari keluarga
Guru, Pegawai Swasta, dan Pedagang ? (dua variabel, tiga sampel).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adakah perbedaan
kompetensi professional guru dan kepala sekolah antara SD, SMP, dan SLTA ?
(satu variabel untuk dua kelompok, pada tiga sampel).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan Masalah Asosiatif </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumusan masalah
asosiatif adalah rumusan masalah penelitian yang menanyakan hubungan antara dua
variabel atau lebih. Terdapat tiga bentuk hubungan yaitu: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hubungan simetris</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hubungan
kausal</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hubungan timbal balik</i>
/ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">interaktif</i> / <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reciprocal</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan simetris</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hubungan simetris
adalah hubungan antara dua variabel atau lebih yang kebetulan munculnya
bersama. Jadi bukan hubungan kausal maupun interaktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adakah
hubungan antara jumlah minuman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">es
yang terjual</i> dengan jumlah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kejahatan</i>
terhadap murid sekolah ? (Variabel pertama adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">penjualan es</i> dan kedua adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kejahatan</i>). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adakah
hubungan antara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rumah yang dekat rel
kereta api</i> dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jumlah anak</i>
?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adakah hubungan
antara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">warna rambut</i> dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kemampuan memimpin sekolah</i> ?</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh judul penelitiannya</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
adalah:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan
antara jumlah es yang terjual dengan jumlah kejahatan terhadap murid
sekolah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan
antara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rumah yang dekat rel kereta
api</i> dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jumlah anak</i>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan
antara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">warna rambut</i> dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kemampuan memimpin sekolah</i>.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan kausal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hubungan kausal adalah
hubungan yang bersifat sebab akibat. Jadi di sini ada variabel independent
(yang mempengaruhi) dan dependen (yang dipengaruhi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh rumusan masalah</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adakah
pengaruh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pendidikan orang</i> tua
terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prestasi belajar</i> anak ?
(pendidikan orang tua, variable independent, dan prestasi belajar,
variabel dependen).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seberapa
besar pengaruh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kepemimpinan</i>
kepala SMK terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kecepatan
lulusan memperoleh pekerjaan</i> ? (kepemimpinan, variabel independent,
kecepatan lulusan memperoleh pekerjaan, variabel dependent).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seberapa
besar pengaruh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kurikulum</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">media pendidikan</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kualitas guru</i> terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kualitas SDM</i> yang dihasilkan dari
suatu sekolah ? (kurikulum, media pendidikan, kualitas guru adalah
variabel independent sementara kualitas SDM adalah variable dependent).</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh judul
penelitiannya</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengaruh
pendidikan orang tua terhadap prestasi belajar anak di SD Kabupaten Gemah
Ripah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengaruh
kepemimpinan kepala sekolah terhadap kecepatan lulusan memperoleh
pekerjaan pada SMK di Kota Galuh.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengaruh
kurikulum, media pendidikan, dan kualitas guru terhadap kualitas lulusan
dari SMK Angkasa.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan timbal balik / interaktif / reciprocal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hubungan interaktif
adalah hubungan yang saling mempengaruhi. Disini tidak diketahui mana variabel
independen dan dependen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan
antara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">motivasi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prestasi belajar anak</i> SD di
Kecamatan A. Di sini dapat dinyatakan motivasi mempengaruhi prestasi,
tetapi dapat juga dikatakan prestasi dapat mempengaruhi motivasi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan
antara kecerdasan dengan kekayaan.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan Masalah Komparatif-Asosiatif.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumusan masalah
komparatif-asosiatif adalah rumusan masalah yang menanyakan perbandingan
korelasi antara dua variable atau lebih pada sampel atau populasi yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh:</span></u></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adakah
perbedaan korelasi kualitas pelayanan dengan nilai penjualan antara Toko A
dan Toko B?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adakah
perbedaan pengaruh kepemimpinan terhadap disiplin pegawai antara Lembaga
Pemerintah dan Swasta?</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">VARIABEL
PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian</span></li>
</ol>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variabel penelitian pada dasarnya adalah segala
sesuatu yang berbentuk apa saja yang ditetapkan oleh peneliti untuk dipelajari
sehingga diperoleh informasi tentang hal tersebut, kemudian ditarik kesimpulan.
Sehubungan dengan ini, Sugiyono (2008) mengatakan bahwa variabel penelitian
adalah suatu atribut atau sifat atau nilai dari orang, obyek, atau kegiatan
yang mempunyai variasi tertentu yang ditetapkan oleh peneliti untuk dipelajari
dan kemudian ditarik kesimpulan.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol align="left" start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Macam – macam variabel</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan hubungan antara variabel satu dengan
variabel lainnya, maka dapat dibedakan menjadi:</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol align="left" start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Variabel independen (bebas)</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variabel bebas adalah variabel yang mempengaruhi
atau yang menjadi sebab perubahan atau timbulnya variabel dependen (terikat). </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol align="left" start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Variabel Dependen (terikat)</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Variabel terikat
merupakan variabel yang dipengaruhi atau yang menjadi akibat, karena ada
variabel bebas.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT_B9vKdBXkxrQH8OJhJzXTBbpKyBCOfAcmT0pWYNkqDs-IVla9l6LB8Xb4eF5sHhLzBvbayZuG8ziLcL_cHcf5kiv4oD_UQ3MTjEmBqOzzakSwnMvjbea3ILNL6wdjXnZR4ZQflqTZtQ/s1600/metode+3+copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT_B9vKdBXkxrQH8OJhJzXTBbpKyBCOfAcmT0pWYNkqDs-IVla9l6LB8Xb4eF5sHhLzBvbayZuG8ziLcL_cHcf5kiv4oD_UQ3MTjEmBqOzzakSwnMvjbea3ILNL6wdjXnZR4ZQflqTZtQ/s320/metode+3+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 02 - 2: Contoh hubungan variabel bebas dan
terikat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Variabel
Moderator</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variabel moderator
adalah variabel yang mempengaruhi ( memperkuat atau memperlemah) hubungan
antara variabel bebas dan terikat. Variabel ini juga disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">variabel bebas kedua.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hubungan motivasi dan
prestasi belajar akan semakin kuat bila peranan guru dalam menciptakan iklim
belajar sangat baik, dan hubungan semakin rendah bila peranan guru kurang baik.
Lihat gambar 02 - 3.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwlNVgolq-zVJ37E_xRaAewjBaIUGiVDVHbi20LFWJHzMh_dfM8cUi09rAymhB1vXIJI3Rl_I3QGq8zcTmtREISDzmsxW7ELGGEECV1sRXK8ZZSzdvycPiQXR3L9BOntMMdBkLUA47IRc/s1600/metode+4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwlNVgolq-zVJ37E_xRaAewjBaIUGiVDVHbi20LFWJHzMh_dfM8cUi09rAymhB1vXIJI3Rl_I3QGq8zcTmtREISDzmsxW7ELGGEECV1sRXK8ZZSzdvycPiQXR3L9BOntMMdBkLUA47IRc/s320/metode+4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 02 - 3: Contoh hubungan variabel bebas,
moderator, dan terikat.</span><br />
Variabel
intervening <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variabel intervening adalah variabel yang secara
teoritis mempengaruhi hubungan antara variabel bebas dengan terikat menjadi
hubungan yang tidak langsung dan tidak dapat diamati dan diukur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tinggi rendahnya
penghasilan akan mempengaruhi secara tidak langsung terhadap harapan hidup
(panjang pendeknya umur). Dalam hal ini ada variabel antara, yaitu gaya hidup
seseorang. Antara variabel penghasilan dengan gaya hidup, terdapat variabel
moderator, yaitu budaya lingkungan tempat tinggal. Lihat gambar 02 - 4.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2M3gbSOR8HdWwUyd63Q_xvwWp8wkFHVERpKzREtYr4bnHkJM5jkqwqRkrpmCy9kUvbm3QAkoW8DjQEuTyvRyfu25e2k3tVbCj9-kgTYLFmXYX7Wpbyxr5C1dxOeCw5H8oA1O0-QTL7qU/s1600/metode+5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2M3gbSOR8HdWwUyd63Q_xvwWp8wkFHVERpKzREtYr4bnHkJM5jkqwqRkrpmCy9kUvbm3QAkoW8DjQEuTyvRyfu25e2k3tVbCj9-kgTYLFmXYX7Wpbyxr5C1dxOeCw5H8oA1O0-QTL7qU/s320/metode+5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Variabel
control</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variabel control adalah variable yang dikendalikan
atau dibuat konstan sehingga hubungan variable bebas terhadap variable terikat
tidak dipengaruhi oleh factor luar yang tidak diteliti. Variabel control sering
digunakan oleh peneliti, bila akan melakukan penelitian yang bersifat
membandingkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pengaruh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jenis pendidikan</i> terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ketrampilan</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mengetik</i>. Variabel bebas adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pendidikan</i>
(SMU dan SMK). Variabel kontrol yang ditetapkan sama misalnya: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">naskah yang diketik sama</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mesin tik yang digunakan sama</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ruang tempat mengetik sama</i>. Dengan
adanya variabel kontrol tersebut, maka besarnya pengaruh jenis pendidikan
terhadap ketrampilan mengetik dapat diketahui lebih pasti.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKthn_1rA7H1HuMddpJMLmPQyzlPmgjHTcf6CWmELDQqyiUfgNCdSZ0rzeRWX3EtTLulJs58AxRMxI_wXOsj7oszu8zYVthqxINPbj3V3uo18X0Z5ASYZYPPXOIVjhR0AKY6doNIosTcM/s1600/metode+6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKthn_1rA7H1HuMddpJMLmPQyzlPmgjHTcf6CWmELDQqyiUfgNCdSZ0rzeRWX3EtTLulJs58AxRMxI_wXOsj7oszu8zYVthqxINPbj3V3uo18X0Z5ASYZYPPXOIVjhR0AKY6doNIosTcM/s320/metode+6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 02 - 5: Contoh
hubungan variabel bebas, control, dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terikat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PARADIGMA
PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: lightgrey; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-highlight: lightgrey;">Paradigma penelitian adalah pola
pikir yang menunjukkan hubungan antar variabel yang akan diteliti yang
sekaligus mencerminkan jenis dan jumlah rumusan masalah yang perlu dijawab
melalui penelitian, teori yang digunakan untuk merumuskan hipotesis, jenis dan
jumlah hipotesis, dan teknik analisis statistik yang akan digunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk
paradigma atau model penelitian kuantitatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>disajikan dalam uraian
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Paradigma
Sederhana</span></b></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Paradigma penelitian
ini terdiri dari satu variabel bebas dan satu variabel terikat. Lihat gambar 02
- 6.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMsM1BLGkpLtcx3XQ5KADDmL0AoObR_7uTeS3vz0pmm284yXOH8zUq602qCm3gYqzeZRNrgEMkkeqp5ZEcQKxsGldUe5HMSG80Raa0cDG5vwjOr25qP-2xS2dHWNHgsRHpLUm2vr852E/s1600/metode+7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMsM1BLGkpLtcx3XQ5KADDmL0AoObR_7uTeS3vz0pmm284yXOH8zUq602qCm3gYqzeZRNrgEMkkeqp5ZEcQKxsGldUe5HMSG80Raa0cDG5vwjOr25qP-2xS2dHWNHgsRHpLUm2vr852E/s320/metode+7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 02 – 6 Paradigma sederhana</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan paradigma tersebut dapat ditentukan:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah
rumusan masalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deskriptif</i> ada
dua, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asosiatif</i> ada satu
yaitu:</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan
masalah deskriptif (dua)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana
X (kualitas guru)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana
Y (prestasi belajar murid)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan
masalah asosiatif / hubungan (satu)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagaimana pengaruh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kualitas guru terhadap kualitas lulusan </i>yang
dihasilkan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Teori yang
digunakan ada dua, yaitu: (1) teori tentang media pendidikan dan (2) teori
tentang prestasi belajar.</span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hipotesis
yang dirumuskan ada dua macam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hipotesis
deskriptif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>dan sebuah hipotesis
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asosiatif</i>.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Contoh
dua hipotesis deskriptif (jarang dirumuskan)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kualitas
media yang digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh lembaga
pendidikan tersebut telah mencapai 70 % baik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prestasi
belajar siswa lembaga pendidikan tersebut telah mencapai 99 % dari yang
diharapkan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hipotesis
asosiatif:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada hubungan yang
positif dan signifikan antara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kualitas
media pendidikan</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prestasi belajar murid</i>. Hal ini berarti
bila kualitas media pendidikan ditingkatkan, maka prestasi belajar murid akan
meningkat pada gradasi yang tinggi. Kata signifikan digunakan bila hasil uji
hipotesis akan digeneralisir ke populasi dimana sample tersebut diambil.</span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Teknik
analisa data.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan rumusan
masalah dan hipotesis tersebut, maka dapat ditentukan teknik statistik yang
digunakan untuk analisis data dan menguji hipotesis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk
dua hipotesis deskriptif, bila datanya berbentuk interval dan ratio, maka
pengujian hipotesis menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>t-test <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">one sample</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk
hipotesis asosiatif, bila data kedua variabel berbentuk interval dan ratio,
maka menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>teknik Statistik
Korelasi Product Moment.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Paradigma Sederhana Berurutan</span></b></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dalam paradigma ini
terdapat lebih dari dua variabel, tetapi hubungannya masih sederhana. Lihat
gambar 02 – 7.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzENxStdTqR0RvTSsYEQmrypVgh5SaCA397VspK8pdnEq-6wEMpZrvKnkS_ayk2GAv_nhYf7gqE63MPWjogT7IKHKYrUmIU74tKHElYOP91kDtb4I21zDVDT1sZVNAFOTaftGq2RxAdo/s1600/metode+8.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="54" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzENxStdTqR0RvTSsYEQmrypVgh5SaCA397VspK8pdnEq-6wEMpZrvKnkS_ayk2GAv_nhYf7gqE63MPWjogT7IKHKYrUmIU74tKHElYOP91kDtb4I21zDVDT1sZVNAFOTaftGq2RxAdo/s320/metode+8.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X1 = kualitas input</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X2 = kualitas proses</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X3 = kualitas output</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Paradigma sederhana
berurutan menunjukkan hubungan antara satu variabel bebas dengan satu variabel
terikat secara berurutan. Untuk mencari hubungan antar variabel (X1 dengan X2;
X2 dengan X3; X3 dengan Y) tersebut digunakan teknik korelasi sederhana. Naik
turun harga Y dapat diprediksi melalui persamaan regresi Y atas X3, dengan
persamaan Y = a + bX3. Berdasarkan contoh 1 tersebut dapat dihitung jumlah
rumusan masalah deskriptif dan asosiatif.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
02 – 7<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paradigma sederhana berurutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Paradigma Ganda dengan Dua Variabel
Independen dan Satu Dependen</span></b></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Paradigma ini terdiri
atas dua variabel independen dan satu variabel dependen. Dalam paradigma ini
terdapat 3 rumusan masalah deskriptif, dan 4 rumusan masalah asosiatif (3
korelasi sederhana dan 1 korelasi ganda). Lihat gambar 02 – 8.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeUIiMBsz6h31tuVykdrQfI0Z4es7UN6iOdTrGwj_83TQOI59jnlZ1aVpx0Cr-BH98KCuVJJ_Q_cZI7snFF62tKzO2_HaDtYC3ASKF5gdCGmxHsXowkxvq0U77MgGewuKG3YnaqV5N86U/s1600/metode+9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeUIiMBsz6h31tuVykdrQfI0Z4es7UN6iOdTrGwj_83TQOI59jnlZ1aVpx0Cr-BH98KCuVJJ_Q_cZI7snFF62tKzO2_HaDtYC3ASKF5gdCGmxHsXowkxvq0U77MgGewuKG3YnaqV5N86U/s320/metode+9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X1 = Kompetensi guru,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>R1 = korelasi sederhana antara X1
dengan Y<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X2 = Lingkungan
sekolah,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>R2 = korelasi sederhana
antara X2 dengan Y</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Y<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Prestasi belajar murid,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>R3 = korelasi sederhana antara X1 dengan X2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Korelasi ganda X1 dan X2 dengan Y.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X1 dan X2 adalah variabel independen(bebas).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Y adalah variabel dependen (terikat).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mencari hubungan X1 dengan Y, X2 dengan Y, dan
X1 dengan X2 menggunakan teknik korelasi sederhana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mencari hubungan X1 dengan X2 secara bersama –
sama terhadap Y menggunakan teknik korelasi ganda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gambar 02 – 8 Paradigma ganda dengan
dua variabel independen dan satu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dependen. </span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Paradigma
Ganda dengan Tiga Variabel Independen dan Satu Depanden</span></b></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Paradigma ini terdiri
atas tiga variabel independen (X1, X2, dan X3) dan satu variabel dependen (Y).
Rumusan masalah deskriptif ada 4 dan rumusan masalah asosiatif untuk yang
sederhana ada 6 dan yang ganda minimal 1. Lihat gambar 02 – 9.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Misal:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X1 = kualitas mesin
produksi;<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>X3 = etos
belajar;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X2 = pengalaman kerja;<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Y<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= produktivitas kerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X1, X2, X3 = variabel independen (bebas)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Y<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= variabel dependen (terikat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mencari besarnya hubungan antara X1 dengan Y;
X2 dengan Y; X3 dengan Y; X1 dengan X2; X2 dengan X3; dan X1 dengan X3 dapat
menggunakan korelasi sederhana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mencari besarnya hubungan antar X1 secara
bersama – sama dengan X2 dan X3 terhadap Y digunakan korelasi ganda. Regresi
sederhana, dan ganda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta korelasi
parsial dapat digunakan untuk analisis dalam paradigma ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 02 – 9 Paradigma
ganda dengan tiga variabel independen dan satu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dependen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Paradigma Ganda dengan satu variabel independen
dan dua dependen</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUdLmOQcV59yek0JfFyGEjAzOAw8mDzDV1KocdQgiOVI-tsJ5MkqhR7kKjaXr0eLb7Wnkwcm_5j6d006bGUGoggTR54B9kRUbFLcNvKU_S98hTvgul7KVlk8EpVuK7jIggIotU_4hwLWg/s1600/metode+11.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUdLmOQcV59yek0JfFyGEjAzOAw8mDzDV1KocdQgiOVI-tsJ5MkqhR7kKjaXr0eLb7Wnkwcm_5j6d006bGUGoggTR54B9kRUbFLcNvKU_S98hTvgul7KVlk8EpVuK7jIggIotU_4hwLWg/s320/metode+11.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Misal:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>X<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= tingkat pendidikan;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Y1
= karir di tempat kerja;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Y2
= disiplin kerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mencari besarnya hubungan antara X dengan Y1,
dan X dengan Y2 digunakan teknik korelasi sederhana. Demikian juga untuk Y1
dengan Y2. Analisis regresi juga dapat dilakukan disini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gambar
02 – 10 Paradigma ganda dengan satu variabel independen dan dua </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dependen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Paradigma
ganda dengan Dua Variabel Independen dan Dua Dependen</span></b></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Paradigma ini terdiri
atas dua variabel independen (X1, X2) dan dua dependen (Y1, Y2). Terdapat 4
rumusan masalah deskriptif, dan 6 rumusan masalah hubungan sederhana. Korelasi
dan regresi ganda juga dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis hubungan antar
variabel secara simultan.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcu_HMxwyutPxM99nO3f5WQuT7Su3tttQhTghtSnK3FoiALWUaG3vVplq86CWglxA_CauUaVWEq_jcJKc5XFtkNQscHjmXdRrTZOaggiQRBws90YADv1dffuEpcNzUyldof9GmxkzIw8A/s1600/metode+12.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcu_HMxwyutPxM99nO3f5WQuT7Su3tttQhTghtSnK3FoiALWUaG3vVplq86CWglxA_CauUaVWEq_jcJKc5XFtkNQscHjmXdRrTZOaggiQRBws90YADv1dffuEpcNzUyldof9GmxkzIw8A/s320/metode+12.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Misal:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X1 = keindahan
kampus;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Y1 = jumlah pendaftar </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X2 = pelayanan sekolah;<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Y2 = kepuasan
pelayanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X1 dan X2 = variabel independen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Y1 dan Y2 = variabel dependen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hubungan antar variabel r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, dan r6
dapat dianalisis dengan teknik korelasi sederhana. Hubungan antara X1 bersama –
sama dengan X2 terhadap Y1 dan X1 & X2 bersama – sama terhadap Y2 dapat
dianalisis dengan korelasi ganda. Analisis regresi sederhana maupun ganda dapat
juga digunakan untuk memprediksi jumlah pendaftar dan kepuasan pelanggan sekolah
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gambar
02 – 11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paradigma ganda dengan dua
variabel independen dan dua </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dependen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Paradigma Jalur</span></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_46rbH6rhbBeouZw3o-Ky0Um5Kl0KJ9pTd8Y4bn0Jw-nlvWwAJj24Hoq_sgWezqpX7QGqRkzSXu6HnliO7enkmM4j_Mq2OtxT5ZHUN4zwFm2L9RhZT39SAjPTOV1o7coVYjhTzTP5hFU/s1600/metode+13.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_46rbH6rhbBeouZw3o-Ky0Um5Kl0KJ9pTd8Y4bn0Jw-nlvWwAJj24Hoq_sgWezqpX7QGqRkzSXu6HnliO7enkmM4j_Mq2OtxT5ZHUN4zwFm2L9RhZT39SAjPTOV1o7coVYjhTzTP5hFU/s320/metode+13.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Misal:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X1 = Status social
ekonomi;<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>X2 = IQ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X3 = Motivasi
berprestasi;<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Y<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Prestasi belajar (achievement)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(n ach)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Paradigma jalur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik analisis statistik yang digunakan dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">path analysis (</i>analisis jalur).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Analisis menggunakan korelasi dan regresi sehingga
dapat diketahui sampai pada variabel dependen terakhir, harus lewat jalur
langsung, atau melalui variabel intervening.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam paradigma ini terdapat 4 rumusan masalah
deskriptif , dan 6 rumusan masalah hubungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gambar
02 – 12<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paradigma Jalur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Paradigma ini dinamakan paradigma jalur, karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdapat variabel yang berfungsi sebagai
jalur antara (X3). Variabel antara ini dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah
untuk mencapai sasaran akhir harus melewati variabel antara itu atau langsung
ke sasaran akhir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gambar 02 – 12 menunjukkan
bahwa siswa yang berasal dari status social ekonomi tertentu X1, tidak dapat
langsung mencapai prestasi belajar yang tinggi Y (korelasi 0,33) tetapi harus
melalui peningkatan motif berprestasi X3 (r = 0,41) dan baru dapat mencapai
prestasi Y (r = 0,50). Tetapi, bila siswa mempunyai IQ yang tinggi (X2) maka
mereka dapat langsung mencapai prestasi Y dengan r = 0,57. Contoh tersebut
diberikan oleh Kerlinger.</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-59718939675726103202012-11-21T19:43:00.000-08:002012-11-23T17:49:25.823-08:00teori metode penelitian 1<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengertian Metode Penelitian</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Penelitian, menurut Riyanto (2011)
adalah merupakan kegiatan pengumpulan, pengolahan, penyajian dan analisis data yang
dilakukan secara ilmiah, sistematis, dan logis dalam rangka memahami dan
memecahkan suatu masalah. Sejalan dengan itu, Hidayat (2011) berpendapat bahwa
Penelitian adalah kegiatan yang menghasilkan suatu karya yang ditulis
berdasarkan kenyataan ilmiah, diperoleh sebagai hasil kajian kepustakaan maupun
penelitian lapangan (klinik dan laboratorium) yang dilakukan dari penemuan
masalah untuk dianalisis yang dapat menghasilkan suatu kesimpulan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Melengkapi dua pendapat diatas, Sugiyono
(2011) mengatakan bahwa metode penelitian adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cara ilmiah</i> untuk mendapatkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">data</i>
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tujuan </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kegunaan</i> tertentu. Menurutnya, ada empat
kata kunci yang perlu diperhatikan, yaitu: 1) cara ilmiah, 2) data, 3) tujuan,
dan 4) kegunaan tertentu. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cara ilmiah:</b><br />
<a name='more'></a> </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kegiatan penelitian itu,
lanjutnya, didasarkan pada ciri – ciri keilmuan yaitu: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rasional</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">empiris</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sistematis</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><u>Rasiona</u>l: kegiatan penelitian itu dilakukan
dengan cara – cara yang masuk akal, sehingga terjangkau oleh penalaran manusia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Empiris: cara yang dilakukan itu dapat diamati oleh
indera manusia, sehingga orang lain dapat mengamati dan mengetahui cara – cara
yang digunakan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistematis: proses yang digunakan dalam penelitian itu
menggunakan langkah – langkah tertentu yang logis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Data</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Data yang diperoleh melalui penelitian,
tambahnya, harus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valid</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reliabel</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">obyektif</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Valid</b>, maksudnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">derajat ketepatan</i> antara data yang sesungguhnya terjadi pada obyek,
dengan data yang dapat dikumpulkan oleh peneliti.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh</u>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Pada provinsi tertentu, misalnya,
terdapat 200 anak yang tidak lulus Ujian Nasional, sementara hasil penelitian
melaporkan jauh diatas 200 anak tidak lulus. Ini menunjukkan bahwa validitas
penelitian tersebut rendah. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Untuk mendapat data yang langsung
valid dalam penelitian sering sulit dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, data yang
terkumpul, sebelum diketahui validitasnya, diuji dulu melalui pengujian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reliabilitas</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">obyektivitas.</i> Data yang valid pasti reliabel dan obyektif.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reliabel</b>
berkenaan dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">derajat konsistensi /
keajegan</i> data dalam interval waktu tertentu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh</u>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Pada hari pertama wawancara,
sumber data mengatakan bahwa jumlah murid yang tidak lulus Ujian Nasional
sebanyak 3000 orang, maka besok atau lusa atau kapanpun, jika ditanya kepada
sumber data akan tetap mengatakan 3000 orang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Obyektivitas</b>
berkenaan dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">interpersonal agreement</i>
(kesepakatan antar banyak orang).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh:</u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Jika banyak orang yang menyatakan
bahwa kegagalan bangsa Indonesia membangun kualitas sumber daya manusia karena
lemahnya pendidikan, maka data tersebut adalah obyektif.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Data yang <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reliabel</b>
belum tentu valid.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh:</u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Seorang Kepala Sekolah, misalnya,
menyatakan bahwa lulusan sekolahnya tidak banyak yang segera mendapat pekerjaan
karena mereka malas mencari informasi. Hal ini diucapkan berkali – kali /
secara konsisten tetapi berbohong, sehingga data tersebut terlihat reliabel
(konsisten) tetapi tidak valid. (Yang benar adalah murid tidak segera mendapat
pekerjaan karena lulusannya kurang kompeten. Sudah mendaftar berkali – kali
tetapi tidak lulus seleksi.)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Data yang <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">obyektif</b>
juga belum tentu valid.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh</u>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Misal 99% dari sekelompok orang
menyatakan bahwa murid A adalah paling malas di sekolah, dan 1% menyatakan
paling rajin. Padahal yang benar adalah justru yang hanya 1% yang menyatakan
bahwa A adalah murid yang paling rajin. Pernyataan kelompok tersebut terlihat
obyektif (disepakati 99 %) tetapi tidak valid.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tujuan:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Selanjutnya, Sugiyono menekankan
bahwa setiap penelititan harus mempunyai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tujuan</i>
tertentu. Umumnya tujuan penelitian ada tiga macam, yaitu yang bersifat: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">penemuan</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pembuktian</b>, dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pengembangan</b>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penemuan</b>:
berarti data yang diperoleh dari penelitian adalah data yang benar – benar
baru, yang sebelumnya belum pernah diketahui.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pembuktian</b>:
berarti data yang diperoleh itu digunakan untuk membuktikan adanya keragu –
raguan terhadap informasi atau pengetahuan tertentu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengembangan</b>:
berarti memperdalam dan memperluas pengetahuan yang telah ada.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kegunaan:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Sugiyono juga menekankan bahwa
penelitian itu harus berguna atau bermanfaat, sehingga hasilnya dapat bermanfaat
bagi kepentingan orang banyak. Menurutnya, secara umum data yang diperolah
melalui penelitian dapat digunakan untuk: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">memahami</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">memecahkan</b>, dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mengantisipasi </b>masalah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Memahami masalah</b>:
berarti memperjelas suatu masalah atau informasi yang tidak diketahui dan
selanjutnya menjadi tahu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh</u>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Penelitian tentang sebab – sebab
mengapa setelah 60 tahun Indonesia merdeka, tetapi sumber daya manusia kita
kalah bersaing dengan Negara tetangga. Mengapa Negara kita yang kaya sumber
daya alam, tetapi sebahagian besar masyarakatnya hidup dalam suasana
kemiskinan?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Memecahkan
masalah</b>: berarti meminimalkan atau mengurangi timbulnya masalah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Contoh:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Penelitian untuk menemukan model
pendidikan efektif yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mengantisipasi masalah: </b>berarti
mengupayakan agar masalah tidak terjadi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh</u>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Penelitian yang bersifat
antisipasi masalah, misalnya, penelitian yang mencari cara agar setelah
pengumuman ujian atau kenaikan kelas, anak – anak tidak melakukan hura-hura di
jalan umum.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pola Berpikir Ilmiah.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Dalam melakukan penelitian, pola
pikir yang digunakan adalah pola berpikir ilmiah. Pola berpikir ilmiah adalah
pola pemikiran yang digunakan dalam menarik kesimpulan terhadap hasil
pengkajian data dari lapangan. Sehubungan dengan pernyataan tersebut, Nana
Sudjana (1992) mengidentifikasikan bahwa “Berpikir Ilmiah” itu adalah gabungan
dari dua pola berpikir, yakni berpikir “Deduktif” atau berpikir rasional dan
berpikir “Induktif” atau empiris. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Berpikir Deduktif.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Berpikir deduktif adalah menarik
kesimpulan dari pernyataan umum menjadi pernyataan yang lebih khusus.
Pernyataan umum tersebut menurut Sudjana, adalah teori-teori yang sudah mapan
dari berbagai bidang keilmuan. Dasar penarikan tersebut menggunakan penalaran
ratio, tidak perlu dibuktikan secara fakta, cukup menggunakan akal sehat atau
teori, postulat, atau anggapan dasar yang telah ada.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh</u> 1:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Semua makluk hidup akan mati
(pernyataan umum). Kucing adalah makluk hidup.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kesimpulan: Kucing akan mati
(pernyataan khusus).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh</u> 2:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Semua benda padat akan memuai
jika dipanaskan (Pernyataan Umum).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Rel kereta api adalah benda padat
dan sedang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilewati kereta api.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kesimpulan: Rel kereta api akan
memuai.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh</u> 3:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Semua ibu yang sedang hamil
mengalami mual dan muntah (Pernyataan Umum).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Ibu Rita sedang hamil. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kesimpulan: Ibu Rita mengalami
mual dan muntah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Nana Sudjana juga menyatakan
bahwa Berpikir Deduktif dapat pula menggunakan asumsi atau prasarat. Asumsi
atau prasarat ini digunakan sebagai dasar dalam menarik kesimpulan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh</u> 4:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Jika (kata “jika” adalah prasarat
atau asumsi) setiap dosen Politeknik A diwajibkan membuat Satuan Acara
Perkuliahan (SAP) sebelum memulai mengajar, maka Bapak Anjar sebagai dosen pada
Politeknik tersebut juga wajib membuat SAP sebelum mengajar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Mungkin ada yang ingin bertanya,
“Untuk apa kita berpikir deduktf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal ini dijawab oleh Nana Sudjana sebagai
berikut: “Berpikir deduktif digunakan untuk: (a) merumuskan atau menentukan
masalah penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan (b) meramalkan
kemungkinan jawaban pemecahan masalah”.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Berpikir Induktif.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Selanjutnya, Nana Sudjana
mengatakan bahwa Berpikir Induktif adalah kebalikan dari Berpikir Deduktif.
Artinya menarik kesimpulan dari pernyataan khusus ke pernyataan umum.
Pernyataan khusus tersebut adalah gejala, fakta, data, informasi dari lapangan
dan bukan teori. Jika data atau fakta itu, menunjukkan kesamaan tertentu, dari
kesamaan itu dapat ditarik “kesimpulan” atau “generalisasi”.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>Contoh</u>1:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kita mengamati dosen mangajar
pada lima Jurusan yang ada pada Politeknik A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sebagian besar dosen jurusan Teknik Informatika mengajar dengan
menggunakan metode diskusi kelompok. Dosen pada jurusan Akuntansi kebanyakan
menggunakan metode diskusi kelompok. Begitu pula sebagian besar dosen pada
jurusan Teknik Elektro menggunakan metode diskusi kelompok. Dosen pada jurusan
Mesin juga tidak ketinggalan, mereka menggunakan metode diskusi kelompok pada
saat mengajar. Dan yang terakhir, sebagian besar dosen pada jurusan Ilmu
Kesehatan juga menggunakan metode diskusi kelompok.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Demikian ditemukan fakta bahwa
sebagian besar dosen pada Politeknik A pada saat mengajar menggunakan metode
diskusi kelompok. Atas dasar atau fakta tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa “Pada
umumnya dosen politeknik A pada saat mengajar menggunakan metode diskusi
kelompok”.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Riyanto (2011) mendukung pendapat
Nana Sudjana tersebut, dia bahkan memberikan contoh yang lebih tajam pada
konsep Berpikir Induktif.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh</u> 2 (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Induksi
sempurna</i>): </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Setiap ibu hamil yang menderita anemia pada saat melahirkan
mengalami pendarahan. Kesimpulan: Semua ibu hamil yang menderita anemia pada
saat melahirkan mengalami pendarahan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<u>Contoh 3</u> (Induksi tidak sempurna):</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Ibu Hamid sedang hamil mengalami mual dan muntah, Ibu Ana
juga hamil mengalami mual dan muntah, Ibu Laras juga hamil dan mengalami mual &
muntah. Kesimpulan: Semua ibu hamil akan mengalami mual dan muntah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenis Metode Penelitian</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Jenis penelitian secara umum
ditunjukkan pada gambar 1 berikut. Berdasarkan gambar tersebut, jenis
penelitian dapat dikelompokkan menurut: metode yang digunakan, kegunaan,
tujuan, tempat/sumber penelitian, area masalah, derajat kepastian jawaban, pendekatan/waktu,
bidang ilmu, hadirnya variabel, sifat dan jenis data, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tarafnya, tingkat eksplanasi, caranya, dan
etika.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gambar
1.1 Klasifikasi Jenis Penelitian</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">NO</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">KELOMPOK</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">JENIS
PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">URAIAN
(PENGERTIAN)</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Tujuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Dasar (Basic research).</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Penelitian dasar adalah
pencarian terhadap sesuatu karena ada perhatian dan keingin tahuan terhadap
hasil suatu aktivitas (Cooper dan Emory , 2007).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Terapan (Applied research)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Penelitian
terapan adalah p. yang menyangkut aplikasi teori untuk memecahkan masalah
tertentu (Carmines dan Zeller, 2005).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 478.8pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td rowspan="7" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="7" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Metode</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Survey</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Penelitian
yang dilakukan pada populasi besar maupun kecil, tetapi data yang dikumpulkan
adalah data dari sampel yang di-ambil dari populasi tersebut sehingga
ditemukan kejadian-ke-jadian yang relative, distribusi, dan hubungan antar
variable sosiologis maupun psikologis (Sugiyono, 2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Ex Post Facto</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Penelitian
yang dilakukan untuk meneliti peristiwa yang telah terjadi kemudian diruntut
kebelakang untuk mengetahui faktor factor yang menjadi penyebab kejadian
tersebut (Nasir dkk, 2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Experimen</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Suatu
penelitian yang berusaha mencari pengaruh dari variabel tertentu terhadap
variabel yang lain dalam kondisi yang terkon-trol secara ketat. Variabel
independennya dimanipulasi oleh peneliti (Nasir dkk, 2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Naturalistik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Metode
penelitian ini sering disebut metode kualitatif, yaitu metode penelitian yang
digunakan untuk meneliti pada kondisi obyek alami. Disini peneliti menjadi
instrumen kunci (Nasir dkk, 2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Kebijakan (Policy research)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Adalah
suatu proses penelitian yang dilakukan pada, atau ana-lisis terhadap
masalah-masalah social yang mendasar, sehingga temuannya dapat direkomendasikan
kepada pembuat keputusan agar dapat bertindak secara praktis dalam
menyelesaikan masalah (Nasir dkk, 2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Tindakan (Action Research)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Penelitian
yang bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode kerja yang paling efisien, sehingga
biaya produksi dapat ditekan dan produktivitas lembaga dapat meningkat.
Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah mengubah: 1) situasi, 2) perilaku, 3)
organisasi, termasuk struktur, mekanisme kerja, iklim kerja, dan pranata
(Nasir dkk, 2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Sejarah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Penelitian
yang berkenaan dengan analisis yang logis terhadap kejadian-kejadian yang
berlangsung dimasa lalu. Sumber data-nya bisa primer, yaitu orang yang
terlibat langsung dalam keja-dian dimasa lalu tersebut, atau sumber-sumber
dokumentasi yang berkenaan dengan kejadian itu. Tujuan penelitian
sejarah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah untuk merekonstruksi
kejadian-kejadian masa lampau secara sistematis dan obyektif, melalui
pengumpulan, evaluasi, verifikasi, dan sintesa data sehingga diperoleh
fakta-fakta untuk membuat suatu kesimpulan (Nasir dkk, 2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Studi kasus/ Eva-luasi.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Merupakan
bagian dari proses pembuatan keputusan, yaitu membandingkan suatu kejadian,
kegiatan, dan produk dengan standard an program yang telah ditetapkan (Nasir
dkk, 2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 478.8pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Tingkat
Explanasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Deskriptif</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Penelitian
Deskriptif adalah penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui nilai variabel
mandiri, baik satu variabel atau lebih tanpa membuat perbandingan, atau
menghubungkan dengan variabel yang lain (Coover, dalam ).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Komparatif</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Penelitian
Komparatif adalah suatu penelitian yang bersifat membandingkan. Variabelnya
masih sama dengan penelitian variabel mandiri, tetapi untuk sampel yang lebih
dari satu atau dalam waktu yang berbeda (Nasir dkk, 2011)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Asosiatif</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Penelitian
Asosiatif adalah merupakan penelitian yang bertu-juan untuk mengetahui
hubungan antara dua variabel atau le-bih (Nasir dkk, 2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 478.8pt;" valign="top" width="638"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Filsafat, Data dan
Analisis.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Kuantitatif</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Metode
penelitian yang berlandaskan pada filsafat positive-isme (fenomena itu dapat
diklasifikasikan, relative tetap, kon-krit, teramati, terukur, dan hubungan
gejala bersifat sebab aki-bat). Penelitian pada umumnya dilakukan pada
populasi atau sampel tertentu yang representative. Proses penelitian bersifat
deduktif, dimana untuk menjawab rumusan masalah diguna-kan konsep atau teori
sehingga dapat dirumuskan hipotesis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Hipotesis
tersebut diuji melalui pengumpulan data lapangan. Untuk pengumpulan data
digunakan instrumen penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data yang telah terkumpul selanjutnya
dianalisis secara kuan-titatif dengan menggunakan statistic deskriptif atau
inferensi- al, sehingga dapat disimpulkan hipotesis yang dirumuskan ter-bukti
atau tidak. Penelitian kuantitatif pada umumnya dilaku-kan pada sampel yang
diambil secara random, sehingga ke-simpulan hasil penelitian dapat
digeneralisasikan pada popula-si dimana sampel tersebut diambil (Sugiyono,
2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Kualitatif</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Metode
penelitian ini dinamakan metode postpositivistik kare-na berlandaskan pada
filsafat postpositivisme. Metode pene-litian ini sering disebut metode
penelitian naturalistik karena penelitiannya dilakukan pada kondisi yang alamiah
(natural setting), disebut juga metode etnografi, karena pada awalnya metode
ini lebih banyak digunakan untuk penelitian bidang antropologi budaya.
Disebut sebagai metode kualitatif karena data yang terkumpul dan analisisnya
lebih bersifat kualitatif (Sugiyono, 2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.95pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Gabungan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.25pt;" valign="top" width="384"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Metode
penelitian yang berlandaskan pada filsafat pragmatis-me (kombinasi
positivisme dan postpositivisme) digunakan untuk meneliti pada kondisi obyek
yang alamiah maupun bu-tan (laboratorium) dimana peneliti dapat sebagai
instrument atau menggunakan instrument untuk pengumpulan data, teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengumpulan data dapat menggunakan tes,
kuisioner, dan tri-anggulasi (gabungan), analisis data bersifat induktif
(kualita-tif), dan deduktif (kuantitatif), serta hasil penelitian kombina-si
dapat digunakan untuk memahami makna atau membuat ge-neralisasi (Sugiyono,
2011).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proposal Penelitian Kuantitatif</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Sugiyono (2011) dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rianto ( 2011) sependapat bahwa sebelum
melakukan penelitian, peneliti sebaiknya membuat usulan rencara penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang biasanya disebut “Proposal penelitian”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ada dua manfaat proposal penelitian ini
yaitu: (1) Untuk memperoleh persetujuan dari pemberi dana penelitian. (2) Sebagai
pedoman bagi peneliti dalam melakukan penelitian. Sistematika penelitian ini
sangat bervariasi dari satu lembaga ke lembaga yang lain, tetapi pada
prinsipnya substansinya sama. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Sugiyono mengusulkan model / contoh
format proposal penelitian kuantitatif tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
BAB I<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Latar Belakang.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Identifikasi Masalah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Batasan Masalah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Rumusan Masalah.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tujuan Penelitian.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kegunaan Hasil Penelitian</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
BAB II<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>LANDASAN TEORI, KERANGKA BERPIKIR, DAN
HIPOTESIS </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Deskripsi Teori</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kerangka Berpikir</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hipotesis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
BAB III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>METODE PENELITIAN</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Metode</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Populasi dan Sampel</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Instrumen Penelitian</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Teknik Pengumpulan Data</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Teknik Analisis Data</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
BAB IV<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ORGANISASI DAN JADWAL PENELITIAN</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Organisasi Penelitian</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jadwal Penelitian</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
BAB V<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BIAYA YANG DIPERLUKAN</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-40275676111292274212012-11-21T19:25:00.002-08:002012-11-23T17:49:59.941-08:00tinjauan umum struktur baja<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkuman Tinjauan Umum Struktur
baja</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baja</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">struktur adalah suatu</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jenis baja berupa batangan</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan pelat yang berdasarkan pertimbangan ekonomi
kekuatan dan sifatnya, cocok untuk pemikul beban.Baja struktur banyak digunakan
dalam pembuatan bangunan,</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">seperti: gedung,pabrik, jembatan, dll </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat 3 Macam besi mentah :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Besi mentah putih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Besi mentah kelabu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Besi mentah bentuk antara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikhtisar singkat dari Proses
pembuatan baja :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Bessemer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses thomas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Martin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses dengan dapur elektro.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses dengan mempergunakan kui</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses aduk (proses puddle).</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat - sifat umum dari
baja bangunan</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> :</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sifat – sifat umum dari baja yaitu teristimewa kekakuannya dalam
berbagai macam keadaan pem- bebanan atau muatan terutama tergantung :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara meleburnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam dan banyaknya logam campuran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara (proses) yang digunakan waktu
pembuatannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam proses pembuatan baja maka logam
campuran baja itu sebagian sudah ada dalam bahan mentah itu namun masih perlu
ditambahkan pada waktu pembuatan baja seperti : C, Mn, Si termasuk bahan utama
S dan P.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat – sifat utama
baja untuk dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan bangunan :</span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keteguhan (solidity) artinya mempunyai
ketahanan terhadap tarikan, tekanan atau lentur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elastisitas (elasticity) artinya
kemampuan / kesanggupan untuk dalam batas –batas pembebanan tertentu,
sesudahnya pem- bebanan ditiadakan kembali kepada bentuk semula.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekenyalan / keliatan (tenacity) artinya
kemampuan/kesanggupan untuk dapat menerima perubahan perubahan bentuk yang
besar tanpa menderita kerugian- kerugian berupa cacat atau kerusakan yang
terlihat dari luar dan dalam untuk jangka waktu pendek</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemungkinan ditempa - (maleability)
sifat dalam keadaan merah pijar menjadi lembek dan plastis sehingga dapat
dirubah bentuknya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemungkinan dilas (weklability) artinya
sifat dalam keadaan panas dapat digabungkan satu sama lain dengan memakai atau
tidak memakai bahan tambahan, tampa merugikan sifat -sifat keteguhannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekerasan (hardness) Kekuatan melawan
terhadap masuknya benda lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
praktek hal penting yang berhubungan dengan sifat baja adalah:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan syarat – syarat minimum harus
dicantumkan dalam kontrak pemesanan, pembelian dan penyerahan bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Garansi adanya sifat-sifat yang merata
melalui dari pengetesan pada waktu bahan datang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuntutan – tuntutan yang tinggi yang
tidak diperlukan sebaiknya tidak dicantumkan karena tidak ekonomis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat baja harus selalu terjamin
ada untuk kondisi pengerjaan dari baja misalnya pemotongan, pengeboran
pengelasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaliknya pada saat pengerjaan baja
maka dijaga sedemikian rupa sehingga sifat – sifat baja tidak hilang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk - bentuk bagian dari kon- struksi
bangunan dan sambungan - sambungan tidak mengakibatkan sifat - sifat baja
menjadi berubah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baja
bangunan terbagi menjadi dua bagian :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">baja wals (gilling) tidak dengan
campuran logam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baja wals dengan campuran logam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAJA
GOL.1</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang termasuk dalam golongan 1 adalah
baja St 37 yang lazim diguna-kan di Eropa dan Indonesia.Baja ini dibuat melalui
proses thomas dan Martin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka 37 berarti bahwa minimum keteguhan
putus tarik adalah 37 Kg/mm2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baja St 00 juga termasuk dalam golongan
1 dengan kwalitas perdagangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dipergunakan untuk konstruksi
gedung-gedung yang kurang penting sehingga pengetesan tidak diperlukan cukup
hanya melalui pengelihatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAJA
GOL.2</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan
:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan bila konstruksi memerlukan
bahan yang ringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebih tahan terhadap pertukar-an beban. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjadikan tegangan sekunder lebih
kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian
:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harganya lebih tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifatnya lebih getas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengerjakannya lebih sulit karena lebih keras</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika digunakan jembatan menjadi tidak
kaku atau lendutannya besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
dasarnya untuk kekuatan konstruksi persyaratan yang Diperlukan adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">syarat kekuatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">syarat kekakuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
mengetahui kerugian dari type baja ini maka untuk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>konstruksi jembatan perlu adanya penyesuaian
penyesuaian sbb :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tinggi jembatan dibuat lebih untuk
mengimbangi adanya lendutan yang besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tegangan yang diizinkan tidak digunakan
sepenuhnya sehingga perhitungan boros/ mahal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROFIL
BAJA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
2 macam bentuk profil baja berdasarkan cara </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pembuatannya
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hot Rolled Shapes (mengandung residual
stress).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cold Formed Shapes (light gage cold form
steel).</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYVLnDZCRvO7OxAXUoN0RzmdN4pHNdGTooWqba-jublmxDmSCBTffI1kdIzKteW6_RoFSk8X2KuDzZrep1-hJ8XzdqyJiBaeg2xcIkDQmSSP5JPOV3hBMGGEbJos2Es_OA1B7GmgKJDuE/s1600/gambar+frofil+baja.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYVLnDZCRvO7OxAXUoN0RzmdN4pHNdGTooWqba-jublmxDmSCBTffI1kdIzKteW6_RoFSk8X2KuDzZrep1-hJ8XzdqyJiBaeg2xcIkDQmSSP5JPOV3hBMGGEbJos2Es_OA1B7GmgKJDuE/s320/gambar+frofil+baja.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Standard yang digunakan untuk
perencanaan struktur baja Beberapa standar yang digunakan untuk perencanaan
struktur baja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PPBBI : Penentuan Perencanaan Bangunan
Baja Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AISC : American Institut of Steel
Construction</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASTM : America Society for Teding
Material</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DIN : Denteh Industrial Narmen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JIS : Japan Industrial Standard</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Design :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Design
fungsional</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Design kerangka baja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Design
fungsional akan menjamin tercapainya yang dikehendaki seperti :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Areal kerja yang lapang dan cukup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ventilasi dan pengkoordinasian udara
yang tepat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transportasi yang memadai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencahayaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Estetika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Design
kerangka kerja : pemikiran susunan serta ukuran elemen-elemen struktur yang
tepat, sehingga beban-beban bangunan bekerja aman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Design (samb)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Perencanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo17; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan fungsi-fungsi yang akan
dilayani</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>oleh struktur yang bersangkutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo18; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan kriteria-kriteria untuk
mengukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>apakah desain yang ditentukan
optimum</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo19; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konfigurasi
Struktur Pendahuluan Susunan dari elemen-elemen yang akan melampaui
fungsi-fungsi langkah 1</span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Pemilihan batang pendahuluan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemilihan ukuran batang yang
memenuhi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kriteria obyektif, seperti
berat atau biaya minimum yang dilakukan atas dasar keputusan dari langkah 1,2,3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Penentuan bahan-bahan yang harus dipikul</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo20; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beban mati</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo20; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beban hidup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo20; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beban angin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo20; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beban gempa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo20; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beban lain-lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Analisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analisa
struktural dengan membuat model beban-beban dan kerangka kerja struktural untuk
mendapatkan gaya internal dan defleksi yang dikehendaki</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Evaluasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apakah
semua persyaratan kekuatan dan kemampuan telah terpenuhi dan apakah hasilnya
optimum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Redesain </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hasil
evaluasi maka jika perlu dilakukan pengulangan pada bagian mana yang harus di
redesain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria optimum desain struktur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biaya minimum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat minimum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu konstruksi minimum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah tenaga kerja minimum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efisiensi pengoperasian yang maksimum</span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-48486512778421693812012-11-21T15:59:00.001-08:002012-11-23T17:48:56.164-08:00PENGERTIAN ISI-ISI PROPOSAL<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: 168.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian Utama Laporan Skripsi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I. Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab ini memuat : Latar Belakang, Perumusan Masalah, Tinjauan
Pustaka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Penelusuran/Penghadiran
Penelitian Terdahulu yang sejenis) dan Tujuan serta Manfaat hasil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar belakang pada hakekatnya menggambarkan suasana problem
obyek yang akan diteliti yang sekurang-kurangnya berisi : penentuan masalah,
keaslian penelitian. Latar belakang dapat ditulis dengan gaya logika tutur
induktif, atau deduktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Penentuan masalah memuat penjelasan tentang alasan-alasan
mengapa masalah yang dikemukakan dalam usulan penelitian itu dipandang menarik
dan perku diteliti. Diuraikan pula posisi masalah yang diteliti dalam permasalahan
yang lebih luas.Permasalahan harus relevan dengan jurusan yang diambil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Keaslian penelitian dimaksudkan bahwa masalah yang hendak
diteliti belum pernah dipecahkan oleh peneliti terdahulu. Jika permasalahannya
mirip, maka harus ditegaskan perbedaan penelitiannya dengan penelitian
terdahulu.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Perumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perumusan masalah merupakan inti dari subyek yang hendak
diteliti dan harus terukur, dapat diuji melalui pengumpulan dan analisis data.
Perumusan harus dibuat secara tepat dalam bentuk kalimat tanya dan dapat
disusun secara numerik atau tidak numerik. Dalam perumusan masalah ini harus
dijelaskan periode waktu pengamatan, dan unit analisis (kelompok, Negara atau
individu).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembatasan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembatasan masalah merupakan upaya yang membatasi ruang
lingkup bahasan dan obyek penelitian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
dan Manfaat Hasil Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam bagian ini disebutkan secara umum dan spesifik tujuan
yang ingin dicapai, sesuai dengan perumusan masalah.Selain itu, dalam bagian
ini juga memuat manfaat hasil penelitian secara teoritis dan atau praktek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjauan
Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjauan pustaka memuat uraian sistematis tentang penelitian
sejenis yang telah dilakukan oleh peneliti sebelumnya dan yang ada hubungannya
dengan penelitian yang akan dilakukan. Dalam tinjauan pustaka ini harus secara
jelas dinyatakan bahwa permasalahan yang akan diteliti belum terjawab atau
belum terpecahkan oleh peneliti-peneliti terdahulu.<br />
Di samping itu, dalam bagian ini perlu diuraikan secara sistematis (kalau perlu
dalam bentuk tabel) tentang hasil-hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti
terdahulu yang terkait dengan obyek penelitian atau studi yang dilakukan.
Hal-hal yang diuraikan menyangkut antara lain keunikan dari studi tersebut,
metode penelitian, hasil temuannya dan keterbatasan dari penelitian tersebut.
Diupayakan agar studi-studi yang diuraikan diambil dari sumber aslinya.Jumlah
penelitian terdahulu yang dihadirkan minimal 3 (tiga) buah penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab
II. Kerangka Teori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerangka
Teori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam bagian ini, pertama-tama mahasiswa harus
mendeskripsikan secara teoritik masing-masing variabel dengan sub-bab sendiri
yakni variable independent dan dependen.Apabila variable independennya lebih
dari satu, maka sebanyak itu pulalah yang harus dideskripsi-teoritikkan.<br />
Kemudian deng sub-bab tersendiri mahasiswa harus menggambarkan secara
anlitis-teoritis hubungan antara variable independent dan variable dependen.
Disini harus dihadirkan sebuah teori yang mapan yang relevan dengan focus
penelitian skripsinya sebagai landasan teoritik untuk memecahkan masalah
penelitian atau menjawab/membahas rumusan masalah yang telah disusun
sebelumnya. Misal, kalau penelitiannya mengukur pengaruh media massa, maka
teori Agenda Setting, Hubungan Sosial, Penggolongan Sosial, Jarum Hipodermis,
Difusi Inovasi, atau Persuasi layak dipakai. Asusmsi dasar dari masing-masing
teori tersebut harus dijelaskan, dan kemudian dikuatkan oleh berbagai pendapat
para pakar secara berantai dan bertautan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipotesis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipotesis memuat pernyataan singkat yang disimpulkan dari
landasan teori, dan merupakan jawaban sementara terhadap masalah yang diteliti,
dan kebenarannya masih harus dibuktikan secara empiris.Hipotesis seperti ini
merupakan keharusan dalam penelitian kuantitatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab
III. Metode Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab ini menggambarkan secara menyeluruh metode penelitian
yang telah digunakan dalam proses penelitian. Metoda penelitian ini memuat
tentang : jenis penelitian, definisi konseptual dan operasional. sumber dan
jenis data, populasi dan sample, teknik pengumpulan data, teknik analisis data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Jenis Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam bagian ini mahasiswa harus menjelaskan tentang jenis
penelitian yang dipakai, apakah penelitian kuantitatif atau kualitatif, serta
menunjukkan/mendeskripsikan alasan-alasan kuatnya. Mahasiswa juga harus
menjelaskan metoda penelitian yang dipakai, apakah Survey, Sensus, Content
Analysis, Historis, Deskripsi, Studi Kasus, Eksperimen, Sosiometrik, dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Definisi Konseptual dan
Operasional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam bagian ini mahasiswa menjelaskan pengertian –
pengertian dari variabel – variabel yang diteliti yang secara jelas sesuai
dengan judul penelitian.Hal ini sebagai usaha memperjelas hal – hal yang
diteliti.Jadi yang didefinisikan bukan kata demi kata yang ada dalam kalimat
judul, namun variable-variabel (independent, dependen, intervening, dan lain
sebagainya) yang ada dalam judul penelitian dimaksud.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi operasional merupakan usaha menjabarkan definisi
konseptual dari variabel penelitian ke dalam indikator – indikator. Kegunaan
dari proses ini sebagai alat pengukur variable penelitian dimaksud. Juga untuk
membantu menyusun item – item pertanyaan atau pernyataan dari suatu angket atau
kuesioner.Misalnya, bila varabelnya Ketaqwaan, maka definisi konseptualnya
adalah perilaku manusia untuk menjalankan perintah-perintah Allah SWT dan
menjauhi larangan-Nya. Sedangkan definisi operasionalnya ditunjukkan dengan
indikator - indikator a. melaksanakan shalat wajib; b. menjalankan puasa; c.
memberi zakat; d.rendah hati; e.menjalankan amar ma’ruf; f.keberanian
meluruskan kemungkaran dan lain sebagainya yang dilakukan oleh responden).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber
dan Jenis Data</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian ini memuat sumber data yang diperoleh. Sumber data
yang akan dikumpulkan diuraikan dengan jelas termasuk jenisnya. Jenis data
primer atau data sekunder. Data primer merupakan jenis data yang diperoleh dari
sumber utama ( pokok ). Untuk penelitian kuantitatif sumber primer berasal dari
responden dengan menggunakan angket ( kuesioner ). Data Sekunder diperoleh dari
sumber data pendukung (pelengkap).Data pelengkap dalam berasal dari dokumentasi
atau pengamatan atau wawancara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Populasi
dan Sampel</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian ini memuat uraian tentang karakteristik populasi,
besaran sempel dan teknik pengambilan sempel.Populasi dan sempel harus
dikemukakan dengan jelas batas-batasnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik
Pengumpulan Data</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian ini memuat uraian yang cukup terinci tentang tata
cara melaksanakan pengumpulan data, apakah dengan tehnik angket, wawancara,
atau observasi (lapangan atau pemahaman isi teks). Wawancara atau angket harus
disusun dari indikator-indikator yang tertulis dalam definisi operasional.Jadi
indikator-indikator itulah dijabarkan menjadi pertanyaan-pertanyaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik
Analisis Data</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian ini menerangkan jenis dari teknik analisis data yang
digunakan.Memaparkan teknik / model rumus statistik yang digunakan.
Pemilihannya harus sesuai dengan permasalahan penelitihan dan jenis datanya (
skala ). Misalnya metode content analysis dengan data nominal, maka uji
Tabulasi Silang/Chi Square atau rumus statistic deskripsi lainnya adalah
pilihan yang sesuai. Contoh yang lain adalah bila metode penelitiannya
sosiometrik dengan data nominal, maka teknis analisis yang dapat diterapkan
adalah Sosiogram, Matrik Sosiomatri, atau Indeks Sosiometri. Bila metode
penelitiannya adalah sensus, studi kasus, survey, kuasi eksferimen dengan data
ordina, interval atau rasio, maka teknik Korelasi Tata Jenjang Spearman,
Product Moment, atau Regresi adalah pilihan analisis data yang tepat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab
IV. Gambaran Umum Obyek Penelitihan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab ini memuat gambaran secara garis besar mengenai daerah
penelitian, obyek penelitian, reponden yang yergambar melalui masing-masing
variable penelitian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab
V. Analisis Data Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.
Analisis Variabel Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian ini mendeskripsika masing – masing variabel
penelitian ( kalau variabel lebih dari satu ), dengan menggunakan deskriptif
statistik. Jenis statistik deskriptif yang bisa digunakan diantaranya :
distribusi frekuensi, tabulasi silang ( crosstab), normalitas data, grafik /
gambar, dan lain – lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. Analisis Uji Hipotesis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian ini menjelaskan proses hubungan antar variabel (
untuk uji hubungan / pengaruh ), atau membandingkan antar variabel ( untuk uji
perbandingan ) sebagai cara untuk menguji hipotesis penelitian. Uji hubungan
atau perbandingan dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji statistik yang sesuai dengan
jenis data ( skala data ). Menjelaskan atau menganalisis hasil uji statistik
dengan prosedur tertentu.Kemudian menarik kesimpulan atas hubungan antar
variabel tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab
V Penutup</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab ini terdiri atas kesimpulan dan saran/ rekomendasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan pernyataan singkat dan
tepat yang merupakan rangkuman dari hasil penelitian dan hasil uji hipotesis.
Kesimpulan berfungsi sebagai jawaban teoritik maupuan empirik atas permasalahan
penelitian skripsi yang ada pada Bab I.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Saran atau merekomendasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dibuat, ditujukan baik kepada
peneliti dalam bidang sejenis yang ingin melanjutkan atau mengembangkan
penelitian yang sudah dilakukan maupun kepada pengguna lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian
Akhir</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian akhir atas daftar pustaka, lampiran
dan biodata penelitian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar pustaka hanya memuat pustaka yang diacu dalam
penulisan skripsi dan disusun secara alpabetis sesuai dengan ketentuan yang
berlaku (lihat lampiran 16)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lampiran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam lampiran terdapat informasi yang diperlukan pada
pelaksanaan penelitian, misalnya data mentah, hasil pengolahan data, angket,
gambar lokasi.Informasi tersebut bersifat melengkapi penulisan skripsi.</span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-76514367516461473492012-11-21T15:51:00.002-08:002012-11-23T18:13:03.767-08:00kesimpulan dan saran tentang irigasi<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PENUTUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A. KESIMPULAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari hasil perencanaan petak-petak tersier
pada daerah irigasi Kali Bomo, penyusun dapat menyimpulkan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Untuk membagi air
agar merata pada daerah pertanian perlu direncanakan petak-petak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Prinsip sistem irigasi
pada dasarnya menempuh langkah-langkah;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengambilan air dari pusat/waduk, penyadapan melalui saluran induk,
Sekunder, Tersier, dan akhirnya sampai kuarter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. pengambilan air
perlu diperhitungan jumlahnya, sehingga pemanfaatan air dapat seefisien mungkin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Agar terjadi
konstanta dalam pemakaian air untuk menjamin kehidupan tanaman, perlu diatur
pemasukan dan pembungan air dengan kata lain penyaluran dan pembuangan harus
mendapatkan perhatian yang sama.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5. Dalam perencanaan
petak-petak irigasi ini perlu di perhatikan beberapa hal yang merupakan dasar
dari perencanaan itu sendiri dan juga sebagai upaya unutk terlaksananya irigasi
itu dengan baik, untuk itu harus diperhatikan mengenai :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Pekerjaan
Persiapan Perencanaan Yang meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">- Pemeriksaan tanah
(soil mechanic)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">- pengukuran tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">- pengukuran dan
pemetaan debit sungai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">- pengamatan hujan
dan lain-lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Perencanaan
Pekerjaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">- Dilihat dari hasil
perencanaan teknis ternyata untuk merencanakan dasar saluran perlu adanya penimbunan
dan penggalian. (lihat gambar profil melintang saluran RB2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B. SARAN-SARAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam bab akhir ini,kiranya penyusun dapat
menyampaikan saran-saran dengan maksud agar dapat memanfaatkan air dengan
sebaik-baiknya antara lain sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam
pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumber air hendaknya dipikirkan agar tidak jauh
menyimpang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari perubahan
ekosistem,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan demikian sumber air
dapat dimanfaatkan dalam waktu yang panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Karena
air adalah sumber hidup dan kehidupan hendaknya bersama-sama bertanggung jawab
untuk mencegah perusakan lingkungan dan pencemaran lingkungan.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -14.2pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penjelasan Istilah Untuk Gambar
Petak Tersier</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ka
dan ki<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menunjukan kanan
dan kiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Angka
1, 2 ,dst<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Menunjukan focus daerah
irigasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">KD<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Daerah Kedungwringin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">RKD<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Ruas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saluran Kedungwringin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Menunjukan daerah
Bomo</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">RB<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Ruas Aluran daerah
Bomo</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">K<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Daerah Karang Anom</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">RK<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Ruas Saluran Karang
Anom</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Daerah Pekuwen
Selatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">RPS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Ruas Saluran Pekuwen Selatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PU<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Daerah Pekuwen Utara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">RPU<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Ruas Saluran Pekuwen Utara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BB<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bangunan Bagi Bomo</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BPU<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bangunan Bagi Pekuwen Utara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BPS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bangunan Bagi Pekuwen Selatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.8pt; margin-right: -5.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BKD<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bangunan Bagi Kedungwringin</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-44840121088324870792012-11-21T15:50:00.002-08:002012-11-23T21:16:16.109-08:00contoh perencanaan irigasi<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PERENCANAAN IRIGASI
DAERAH KALI BOMO BLAMBANGAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menentukan Letak Bendung Dan Pembagian Daerah
Atas Petak</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk
menentukan letak bendung kita harus bisa mengambil letak yang sebaik-baiknya
(Strategis), Supaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam penentuan itu
kita mendapatkan luas yang semaksimal mungkin dan pula dalam perencanaannya
harus mempertimbangkan hal-hal yang berkaitan pokok dengan Tofografi atau
keadaan alam sekitarnya, misalkan daerah pegunungan dataran, biaya yang akan
dikeluarkan dan faktor lain yang mungkin ada hubungannya dengan daerah yang
akan dibangun bendung tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun dalam perencanaan ini letak
bendung berada disungai Bomo Blambangan dengan ketinggian tanah ± 64,43 meter
dari permukaan laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam perencanaan ini diharapkan
apabila letak bendung direncanakan ditempat tiidak terlalu banyak
bangunan-bangunan yang betul-betul dibuat, sehingga dapat mengirit biaya yang
ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada
prinsipnya kita harus merencanakan bendung yang betul-betul mempunyai kedudukan
pada tempat yang cukup strategis, agar fungsi dari pada bendung ini lebih
efisien sesuai dengan kebutuhan perencanaan yang diinginkan.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pembagian petak-petak direncanakan
pada peta pengaliran Kali Bomo dari peta yang mempunyai skala 1 : 25000, dimana
mempunyai kemiringan rata-rata, sehingga bisa bahwa daerah ini merupakan daerah
dataran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk itu diambil luas setiap petak
biasa antara 60-80 ha dan max. 100 ha,tetapi secara umum yang direncanakan oleh
Dirjen Irigasi tidak lebih dari 80 hektar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari petak-petak yang sudah dibuat
itu untuk membedakan sawah mana yang menerima air dari saluran sekunder atau dari
saluran induk langsung, maka diberi warna yang jelas. Petak-petak sawah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang mendapatkan air dari satu serokan
sekunder diberi warna yang sama, begiru pula petak-petak yang mendapat air dari
serokan induk langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Unutk mempermudah pelaksanaan
pembagian air dan pengontrolan dari masing-masing petak diberi nama yang
singkat tapi jelas, seperti yang diterangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada bagian muka tadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adapun
pembagian batas-batas petak dapat digunakan jalan raya yang telah ada, jalan
kereta api, sungai, Kampung yang dilewati dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B. Penentuan Besar
Kapasitas Saluran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk pengairan daerah Kali Bomo
Blambangan ini digunakan lengkung tegelnya (c) sama dengan l (satu) sasuai
dengan kriteria perencanaan irigasi yang dipakai di Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk kebutuhan air normal (a)
diambil 1,5 lt/dt/ha dengan demikian kapasitass saluran dapat di rumuskan, :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Q
=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a . C . A <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dimana :<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q = debit
kapasitas saluran (m³/dt)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>a
= Kebutuhan air normal (lt/dt/ha)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>A
= Luas daerah yang diari (ha)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>C
= Koefisien lengkung tegal = 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1).
Pehitungan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>saluran tersier :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.
Sal Tersier Kd3 ka</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a
= 1,5 lt/dt/ha</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c
= 1,164</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A
= 86,28 ha</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 70.9pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maka
: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q = a . c . A</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 3.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 1,5 . 1,164 .
86,28 = 150,64 lt/dt = 0,151 m³/dt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 3.0cm 155.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C.
Penentuan Dimensi Tiap Saluran</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk perhitungan dimensi saluran
dipergunakan dasar-dasar perhitungan yang dipakai oleh Direktorat Irigasi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cara I :</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk cara pertama kita sudah
menentukan perbandingan b/h kemiringan talud, kecepatan rencana, cara ini
disebut cara <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Strickler”</i></b> dengan menggunakan rumus dan langkah-langkah
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Q = F
x V</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. F = (
b + t h ) h</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. O = b
+ 2 h √ ( 1 + t</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. R = F
/ O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5. i = V
/ ( K . R ^ (2/3))</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dimana :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Q
= Banyaknya air tiap detik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(
m³ / dt )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">F
= Luas penampang basah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(
m</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">V
= kecepatan air dalam saluran <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(
m / dt )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">h
= tinggi muka air<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(
m )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b
= lebar dasar saluran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(
m )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">t
= kemiringan talud<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">O
= Keliling basah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(
m )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">R
= jari-jari hidrolis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(
m )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i
= kemiringan saluran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cara<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “strickler”</i></b> ini
dipergunakan untuk mencari dimensi saluran tersier dan saluran sekunder.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cara II</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk cara kedua ini kita harus
membuat atau menentukan kemiringan dasar saluran terlebih dahulu ( a-line )
dengan langkah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tentukan
panjang saluran induk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kemiringan
lereng dari bangunan satu ke bangunan berikutnya untuk setiap salurannya ( I
awal )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari
beberapa I awal tersebut di plot ke dalam grafik “Bagan perencanaan Saluran”
bersama masing-masing Q-nya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tarik
garis a-line dari beberapa titik tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk
kemudian diperoleh harga I √ R dan I</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Langkah-langkah
perhitungannya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Cari
R, dari rumus I √<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R tadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. cari
V, V = K . R ^(2/3) . I ^(1/2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. A = Q
/ V</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.
Tentukan n, dan m (talud) dar tabel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5. A = (
m + n ) h</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.
Diperoleh h awal dari rumus 3 dan 5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.
Masukan h = ho kedalam rumus :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vo =
K ho . ( n + m ) / ( n + 2 m</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
+ 1 ) ^ (2/3) .i ^ (1/2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8. Luas
basah : Ao = Q / Vo</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9. h1 =
Ao / ( m + n )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10.
check, apakah h1 – ho < 0,005 atau = 0,005</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bila h1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- ho <u><</u> 0,005 </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> h1 sebagai h rencana</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bila h1 – ho > 0,005<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> h1 sebagai ho untuk perhitungan selanjutnya.
( diulang terus menerus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sampai
diperoleh 0,005 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cara
kedua ini dipergunakan untuk menetukan dimensi saluran Primer atau saluran
induk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 134.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C. I Saluran tersier dan saluran
sekunder</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.
Saluran tersier B1Ki1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Q
Sal = 0,154 m³ / dt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">V
= 0,301 m / dt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b
/ h = 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kemiringan
talud = 1 : 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">F
= Q / V = 0,154 / 0,301 = 0,5116 m</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">F
= ( b + t h ) . h = ( h<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 1 h ) = 2 h</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> h</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> = 0,5116 / 2 = 0,2558</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">h
= √ 0,2558 =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,5058 m </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">~</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
0,50 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b
= h </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 0,50 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">F
= 2 h </span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
= 2 ( 0,50 ) </span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
= 0,5 m</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">V
= Q / F = 0,154 / 0,5 = 0,308 m/dt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">O
= b + 2b √ ( 1 + t</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">² )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 0,50 + 2 ( 0,50 ) √ ( 1 + 1</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ) = 0,50 + 1 √ 2 = 1,9142</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">R
= F / O = 0,5 / 1,9142 = 0,261</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">i
= ( V / (K x R ^ (2/3))</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
= ( 0,308 / (40 . 0,261 ^ (2/3))</span><span style="font-family: "Swis721 LtCn BT","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">²</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
= 0,000355</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesimpulan
:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Q
= 0,154 m³/dt<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>h = 0,50
m<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> V =0,308 m/dt<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>t= 1 : 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 134.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b
= 0,50 m<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i =
0,000355</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 134.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">D. Perhitungan pintu Romijin :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sesuai dengan kriteria perencanaan
Irigasi (Kp–04) bagiana bangunan, lebar standar untuk alat pintu Romijin adalah
0,50 , 0,75 , 1,00 , 1,25 dan 1,50 m.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk harga-harga lebar standar ini semua
pintu, kecuali satu tipe, mempunyai panjang standar mercu 0,5 m, untuk mercu
horizontal dan jari-jari 0,10 m, untuk meja berujung bulat satu lagi di
tambahkan agar sesuai dengan bangunan sadap tersier yang debitnya kurang dari 1
liter/det. Lebar pintu ini 0,50 tepi mercu horizontalnya 0,33 m dan jari-jari
0,07 untuk ujungnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tabel besaran debit yang di anjurkan
untuk alat ukur Romijn standar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk daerah irigasi Kali Bomo pintu
rominjinnya digunakan lebar 0,50 m karena q rata-rata tidak lebih dari 0,22
m³/dt (saluran tersiernya)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perhitungan
h dan z Kd3 ka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Q = 0,151
m³/dt<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>b = 0,5 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Q = 1,71
. b . h ^(3/2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">h^(3/2) =
Q : 1,71 . b</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">h^(3/2) =
0,177 </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> h = 0,315</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">z = 1/3 h
</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> z = 1/3 x 0,315 = 0,105</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">P = 0,21
+ h = 0,21 + 0,315 = 0,525.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">E. Penentuan Tinggi
Muka Air Pada Tiap-Tiap Saluran </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Saluran Tersier</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tinggi muka air pada saluran tersier
ditentukan oleh letak sawah tertinggi yang akan diairi pada petak tersier.
Tinggi air yang tergenang disawah di ambil 0,10 meter ditambah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan panjang saluran kali kemiringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contoh perhitungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a).
Saluran Tersier KP3 ka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">- letak
sawah tertinggi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:+5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">- Jarak
dari pintu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">- Tinggi
yang tergenang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 0,10 meter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-
Kemiringan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 0,342̄³</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maka tinggi muka air sebelah hilir
pintu pengambilan adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= A +
0,10 + l . i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= 5 +
0,10 + 0 . 0,342̄³ = 5,10 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan tinggi muka air sebelah
udik ditambah lagi dengan z (diambil 0,11) jadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5,10 +
0,11 = 15,21 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b).
Saluran Sekunder</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>menetukan
tinggi muka air pada saluran sekunder yaitu tergantung dari pada tinggi muka air
saluran tersier yang dialiri oleh saluran tersebut. Tinggi muka air di hilir
saluran adalah tinggi muka air yang tertinggi dari slauran tersier yang diambil
dari saluran sekunder tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tinggi muka air di udik saluran
adalah tinggi muka air di hilir ditambah dengan panjang salurran kali
kemiringan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh
Perhitungan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">KD3 ka<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= + 5,21 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">KD3 ki<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= + 5,21 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ambil
yang tertinggi 5,21 m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B + L i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5,21 +
1200 . 0,262 . 10̄³</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5,21 +
0,314</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5,524</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maka air
di udik :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5,524 +
0,10 = 0,564</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebagai rekapitulasi sawah tertinggi
dan panjang saluran dapat di lihat pada tabel 2.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4689600363014484026.post-15312656151465919232012-11-21T15:31:00.001-08:002012-11-23T21:15:48.604-08:00pengertian irigasi<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tanaman
budi daya manusia didaerah-daerah pertanian membutuhkan air yang cukup untuk
kelangsungan hidup dan untuk perkembangannya, sehingga dapat kita nikmati
hasilnya seperti apa yang kita harapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Secara
alamiah sebenarnya tanaman menerima air melalui hujan dan dari dalam tanah itu
sendiri, akan tetapi kadangkala hal ini tidak mungkin terjadi, terutama
didaerah-daerah kering yang jarang mendapat hujan, oleh sebab itu kita manusia
memiliki akal, budi, harus dapat mengatasi tantangan alam tersebut dengan
memberikan pengaiaran kepada tanaman budi daya itu dengan membangun sistem
irigasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seperti
kita ketahui keadaan tanah di Indonesia tidak semuanya datar melainkan dataran
rendah, bukit-bukit tanah pegunungan, rawa-rawa, sehingga pertanian tidak
mereta dan letek sawah-sawah di negara kita pun tidak selamanya terhampar pada
dataran rendah saja tetapi ada pula para petani yang membuka daerah pertanian
atau persawahaan di lereng-lereng gunung bahkan hutan-hutan di tebang dijadikan
daerah yang baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a>Tetapi
dalam pengairan itu sendiri jarang sekali diperhatikan, karena dulu sebagian
besar petani Indonesia masih menggantungkan air sawahnya dari hujan yang ada,
sehingga panen yang dapat dilaksanakan hanya dipetik sekali dalam setahun.</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan
demikian kita dapat melihat kekurangan dan kelebihannya dari sistem persawahan
di Indonesia di mana lebih banyak kuranganya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari pada kelebihannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Salah
satu cara ntuk mungkin sangat menentukan dalam meningkatnya produktivitas
pertanian adalah seperti yang sudah di sebutkan tadi yaitu dengan membangun
irigasi dimana sistem pengaiaran ini harus diterapkan di Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Irigasi
adalah sistem pemberian dan pembuangan air ke dan dari sawah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara terkendal, pada pokoknya sistem
jaringan irigasi adalah mengambil air dari suatu sumber, kemudian memberikannya
ke petak-petak lahan melalui saluran-saluran irigasi dan membuangnya apabila
kelebihan ke saluran-saluaran atau kesawah-sawah melalui bangunan irigasi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A. Arti dan Tujuan
Irigasi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Secara
pengertian arti irigasi adalah semua tindakan yang diambil untuk mengmungkinkan
pembahasan dengan usaha mendatangkan air dari sumbernya, membawanya
ketempat-tempat di mana air itu di perlukan membagi-bagi dan memberinya kepada
tanaman dengan cara yang teratur serta membuangnya bila tidak diperlukan lagi
juga air itu di pergunakan dengan sebaik-baiknya dan sehemat-hematnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sedangkan
maksud irigasi adalah untuk mencukupi kebutuhan air guna pertanian dan tujuan
irigasi tergantung dari kebutuhan untuk apa irigasi itu akan diperlukan seperti
sbb</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Membasahi
tanah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Merabuk
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengatur
suhu tanah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menghindarkan
gangguan dalam tanah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kolmotase</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Membersihkan
air kotoran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mempertinggi
air tanah</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penjelasan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Membasahi
tanah </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">maksud
membasahi tanah adalah memberi air pada waktu tidak atau kurang hujan supaya
tanaman mendapat air yang di butuhkan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Merabuk
</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Merabuk
di sini adalah mengalirkan air yang mengandung zat-zat dan lumpur yang baik
bagi rabuk guna tanaman. Air yang membawa zat-zat yang baik bagi tanman berupa
lumpur yang terapung didalamnya atua yang telah tercampur menjadi satu dengan
air, jika datang disawah lumpurnya itu dapat mengendap, karena biasanya
jalannya air di sawah tidak terlalu cepat sehingga memberi kemungkinan kepada
zat-zat yang terbawa oleh air dapat mengendap dan terhampar diatas sawah.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengatur
suhu</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Supaya
tanaman dapat tumbuh dengan baik maka diusahakan temperatur air jangan terlalu
panas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau terlalu panas atau terlalu
dingin. Biasanya petani bahwa mereka tidak suka menyiram tanamannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diwaktu panas atau terik matahari, akan
tetapi beda halnya dengan tanaman tebu yang disiram pada setiap waktu,
seringkali diwaktu siang, ari sedang panas sekali dan ternyata tidak
menimbulkan keburukan dan pengaruh lain pada tanaman tebu itu sendiri.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">minghindarkan
gangguan dalam tanah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">maksud ini antara lain adalah
membasmi hama-hama yang ada dari dalam tanah, misalnya : tikus, ulat neluk, dan
lain-lain dengan cara meredam sawah.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Juga cara demikian dapat membersihkan tanah dari
garam-garam yang dibawa oleh air laut atau tanah sawah itu sendiri serta
menghilangkan zat-zat yang kurang baik yang ada didalam tanah.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">colmotase</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Air dari
sungai yang banyak mengandung lumpur dialirkan sebanyak-banyaknya ke
tanah-tanah yang rendah, dimana air itu didiamkan atau dialirkan secara
perlahan-lahan agar lumpurnya mengendap dan air yang jernih dapat terus
mengalir. Dengan cara ini lambat laun tanah itu menjadi tinggi dan dapat
dijadikan sawah atau ladang baru yang dapat ditanami.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">membersihkan
air kotoran </span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">air yang kotor digenangkan
diatas sebidang tanah rengah atau dalam suatu kolam, air kotor itu mendapat
pembersihan secara biologi sehingga tidak lagi merugikan kesehatan, setelah itu
airnya dapat dialirkan lagi kesaluran umun atau sungai.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanaman yang tumbuh di tanah-tanah itu membantu pekerjaan
pembersihan secara alam, sedangkan penghasilan dari tanaman itu sendiri umumnya
bisa menjadi baik. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">mempertinggi
air tanah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pekerjaan irigasi yang
semata-mata dibuat untuk keperluan pertanian sering kali membawa pengaruh yang
baik terhadap mempertinggi air tanah disekitar tempat-tempat yang dilalui oleh
saluran-saluran irigasi sehingga dengan sendirinya air tanah menjadi tinggi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B. Susunan Umum Daerah Irigasi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Susunan daerah irigasi adalah
penyusunan tanah-tanah yang akan diairi dalam beberapa bidang dan penyusuna
jaring-jairng penyaluran airnya dengan pembuatan bangunan-bangunan untuk
mengatur pembagian dan pemberian air kebidang tanah-tanah itu dan juga
pembuatan saluran-saluran dan bangunan-bangunan yang diperlukan untuk
melancarkan penyaluran dan pembuangan air.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut kesempurnaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengairannya daerah irigasi dapat dibaedakan dalam sederhana , setengah
teknis, dan teknis. Daerah irigasi sederhana jika penyaluran air kesawah tidak
diatur denga seksama, dan banyaknya aliran tidak dapat diukur, berarti tidak
ada bangunan tetap untuk mengatur dan mengukur penyaluran air.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Daerah irigasi setengah teknis
jika penyaluran air dapat diatur akan tetapi banyaknya air tidak dapat diukur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sedangkan daerah irigasi teknis
adalah jika penyaluran airnya dapat diatur dan banyaknya aliran dapat diukur,
karena itu pembagiannya dapat dilakukan secara seksama.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada umumnya syarat untuk
daerah irigasi teknis adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">semua
sawah/ ladang-ladang dalam daerah irigasi teknis harus diairi dari satu saluran
induk menurut kebutuhannya dengan cara pemberian air yang mudah diperiksa dapat
diatur dan banyaknya aliran dapat diukur.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Air
yang dibutuhkan oleh tanaman harus mudah didapat dan dapat dibuang kesaluran pembuangan
atau sungai.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Penyusunan Bidang-Bidang Tanah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Daerah
irigasi teknis dabagi-bagi dalam beberapa bidang-bidang tanah yang sebut
petak-petak penghabisan, petak-petak pengairan atau petak-petak tersier dan
ditetapkan tempat pengambilan air dari saluran irirgasi untuk tiap-tiap bidang
tanah itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bentuk
dari suatu petak tersier harus tertentu dan luasnya jangan terlalu perbedaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Petak
tersier merupakan satuan dari daerah irigasi gabungan dari petak-petak
tersier<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang mendapat air dari suatu
saluran sekunder merupakan satu petak sekunder. Sedangkan gabungan dari seluruh
petak-petak tersier dan petak sekunder yang mendapat air dari satu saluran
induk merupakan satu daerah irigasi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Penyusunan Saluran-Saluran
irigasi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ada
masalah yang kita hadapi dalam penyusunan daerah irigasi yaitu penghematan
biaya dan formasi serta tata letak geografis tanah, dimana keduanya itu
kelihatan selalu ada. Kita ingin menghemat biaya, tetapi kadang terpaksa kita
menetapkan susunan saluran yang memerlukan biaya tinggi karena dipandang dari
sudut teknis tidak ada cara pemecahan lain yang dapat mencukupi terhadap
syarat-syarat yang diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Walaupun
begitu kita sebisanya untuk menentukan sehemat-hematnya dan sebaik-baiknya
dalam merencanakan saluran-saluran irigasi guna kebutuhan air sawah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Penyusunan Pembuangan Air</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Susunan
penyusunan air yang baik dan juga susunan pembuangan air yang baik dan teratur
sangant dibutuhkan sekali dalam penyusunan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ddaerah irigasi teknis. Hal ini untuk menjaga
tanaman itu sendiri jangan sampai terjadi kerugian akibat pembuangan air yang
kurang baik dan teratur. Adapun ukuran saluran pembuangan didasarkan atas
penghiliran air terbesar dari daerah pengalirannya.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Susunan Nama Obyek Irigasi (
Momen Klatur)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Momen
klatur adalah membuat sebutan dari jenis , nama, dan tempat-tempat dari obyek
irigasi dengan singkat tapi jelas bagi yang berkepentingan. Dsehingga sangat
baik untuk keprluan penyelenggaraan atau pemeliharaan maupun untuk lain-lain
keperluan umpamannya pembicaraan, penulisan, laporan-laporan dan sebagainya,
terhadap obyek-obyek irigasi yang tentunya dapat lebih <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan singkat tetapi cukup jelas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk
mendapatkan kesamaan pengertian terhadap sebutan-sebutan singkat mudah
dimengerti oleh yang berkepentingan maka perlu dibuatkan cara-cara penepatan sebutan
itu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sedapat mungkin sebutan itu
terdiri dari sebutan huruf</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Huruf-huruf itu dapat menyatakan
saluran bangunan dan petak-petak.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Huruf itu jika perlu ditambah
dengan angkah untuk dapat menunjukan letak obyek itu bagi saluran juga arahnya
dipakai sebagai penjelasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dapt menyatakan jenis saluran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dapat menyatakan bangunan,
terutama perbedaan antara bangunan pembagi atau penyadap dengan lain bangunan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dapat menyatakan jenis dan letak
petek, misalnya petak sekunder atau tersier dan letaknya sebelah kiri atau
kanan dari bangunan pembagi dan sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk
petak tersier namanyan diambil dari nama saluran tersiernya dan juga diberi
angka dibawahnya yang menunjukan luas petak tersier itu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sebutan
untuk pembuangan air ndan bangunan-bangunannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>biasanya deberi nama dengan lengkap, misalnya; serokan cikuda, sungai
cikipayang dsb.</span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C. Daftar Istilah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Saluran
induk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah saluran pembawa yang mendapatkan air dari
suatu sungai atau waduk/bendungan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Saluran
Sekunder</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah saluran pembawa yang mendapatkan airnya dari
saluran induk melalui bangunan bagi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Saluran
tersier<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yaitu saluran pembawa yang mendapatkan airnya dari
saluran sekunder atau saluran induk melalui bangunan bagi pada saluran sekunder
atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pintu penyadap pada saluran induk.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Saluran
Sub Tersier <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah saluran pembawa yang merupakan cabang dari
saluran tersier pada petak tersier</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Saluran kuarter<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yaitu saluran pembawa yang mendapatkan airnya dari
saluran tersier atau sub tersier melalui box kuarter untuk diterruskan kesawah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Saluran pembuang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah saluran yang mendapatkan air yang telah
terpakai atau air yang berkelebihan didaerah irigasi untuk selanjutnya dibuang
kesungai terus kelaut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pintu Ukur Romijn<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yaitu bangunan yang dipakai untuk mengukur debit air
yang mengalir sebelum kepetak tersier. Pintu ukur ini paling banyak dipakai
karena mengakibatkan drop yang kecil saja.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bangunan Bendung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah bangunan yang dipergunakan atau diperuntukan
guna meninggikan permukaan air sungai sehingga air dapat dimanfaatkan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Box Tersier<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yaitu bangunan bagi disaluran tersier / sub tersier
untuk membagi air kesaluran sub tersier / kuarter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Box Kuarter<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yaitu bangunan pengambilan disaluran tersier / sub
tersier dimana lewat bangunan itu air mengalir kepetak kuarter, setiap petak
kuarter pada umumnya memiliki satu buah box kuarter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Petak Tersier<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah kumpulan sawah yang menerima air irigasi dari
saluran induk/sekunder di suatu tempat pengambilan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Petak Kuarter<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yaitu kelompok sawah dalam suatu petak tersier
seluas 10 sampai dengan 15 hektar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Daerah Pengaliran (DP)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Daerah yang mendapat air dari suatu aliran sungai
melalui sistem jaringan irigasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Debit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yaitu volume air yang mengalir tiap satuan waktu
yang biasanya dinyatakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam m³/ detik
atau Lt / dt</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hektar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah satuan luas sebesar 10.000 m²<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( 100 X 100 m )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Continus Flow<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yaitu pengaliran air yang terus menerus tidak-tidak
terjadi pengaliran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Propesional Flow<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah pengaliran yang sebanding dengan luas
daerahnya </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Garis Contuer<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Garis pada peta yang menghubungkan tempat-tempat
yang memiliki ketinggian yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Talud<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah kemiringan tebing pada suatu pasangan
melintang dari saluran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jari-jari Hidrolis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yaitu hasil perbandingan antara luas penampang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>basah dengan keliling basah dari suatu
penampang saluran terbuka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">21.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rumus Strickler<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah salah satu rumus yang dipakai untuk
menghitung kecepatan rata-rata dari aliran di saluran terbuka.</span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03441228647999822264noreply@blogger.com0